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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014 Jun 2;17(12):2017–2029. doi: 10.1017/S1461145714000923

Fig 4.

Fig 4

Effect of social defeat and witnessing social defeat on corticosterone levels: Social defeat or witnessing social defeat significantly elevated the plasma corticosterone levels measured using a commercially available ELISA kit. Same as in Fig. 2. (*) significantly different at p<0.05. Bars represent means±s.e.m, n=10 rats/group. CON: Sprague–Dawley rat placed inside a novel cage and not subjected to social defeat, SD: Sprague–Dawley rat subjected to social defeat, TW-CON: Sprague–Dawley rat placed within the enclosure surrounding the novel cage and not subjected to witnessing social defeat, TW: Sprague–Dawley rat who witnessed social defeat.