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Effects of alcohol on left ventricular end-systolic pressure–volume relationship (ESPVR) and end-diastolic PVR (EDPVR). ESPVR (left panel) and EDPVR (right panel) modulation by low alcohol (LA), moderate alcohol (MA), and high alcohol (HA) alone (upper row), in combination with IGF-1 (middle row), or with LY294002 (lower row). n = 4; *p < 0.05 compared with control.
