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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 5.
Published in final edited form as: Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2014;127:229–249. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-394625-6.00009-X

Figure 9.3.

Figure 9.3

Depiction of molecular mechanism and signaling pathways of estrogen in CRS. The molecular mechanism of mitochondrial dysfunction in CRS is involved in PGC-1, NRF 1/2, CREB, and PPARs signaling pathways. Estrogen increases PGC-1 expression and prevents the development of CRS via its receptors and NO/cGMP signaling pathways. Abbreviations: PGC-1, peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma coactivator 1; NRF, nuclear respiratory factors, PPARs, peroxisome proliferators activated receptors; CREB, cyclic AMP response element binding protein; NO, nitric oxide; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate.