Table 3 Differences in parental assessment (BRIEF-P) of childrenʼs executive functioning between the children of mothers who smoked and the children of non-smokers.

	Children of women who did not smoke (n = 71)		Children of women who smoked (n = 71)
	mean	SD	mean	SD	Diff	t	df	p	d
Note: ISCI = Inhibitory Self-Control Index, FI = Flexibility Index, EMI = Emergent Metacognition Index, GEC = General Executive Composite, Diff = difference in means, t = t-value, df = degrees of freedom, p = two-tailed test, with the analysis of index values and aggregate values done based on subscales but without adjusting the level of significance for multiple testing, d = effect size
Inhibit	50.4	9.5	55.0	10.1	− 4.6	− 2.777	140	0.006	− 0.45
Shift	49.0	9.5	50.5	11.0	− 1.5	− 0.865	140	0.388	− 0.14
Emotional Control	48.9	10.1	51.5	10.5	− 2.6	− 1.519	140	0.131	− 0.25
Working Memory	51.2	10.2	53.7	10.7	− 2.5	− 1.416	140	0.159	− 0.23
Plan/Organize	50.4	10.5	52.6	10.1	− 2.2	− 1.281	140	0.202	− 0.22
ISCI	50.0	9.1	54.2	10.0	− 4.2	− 2.608	140	0.010	− 0.42
FI	48.8	9.6	51.3	10.7	− 2.5	− 1.437	140	0.153	− 0.23
EMI	51.2	10.2	53.4	10.4	− 2.3	− 1.305	140	0.194	− 0.22
GEC	50.3	10.1	53.8	10.1	− 3.5	− 2.060	140	0.041	− 0.34