Table 1. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and outcome.

Patient	Gender	Age, y	Symptoms	Intraconal/Extraconal	Clock position	Procedure	Diagnosis	Clinical outcome	Radiol. Outcome % removed
1	M	49	Blurry vision	Intraconal	12–1	FT craniotomy + orbitotomy	Cavernous hemangioma	Improved	100
2	M	16	Pain	Extraconal	1–2	EEA	Foreign body	FB removed; pain resolved; no sequelae	100
3	M	17	Pain, photophobia	Intraconal	2–3	Medial micro-orbitotomy	Foreign body	Pain resolved; photophobia remains	100
4	M	27	Progressive vision loss	Intraconal	3–4 orbital apex	EEA	Angioleiomyoma	Vision improved	100
5	M	33	Proptosis	Extraconal	3–5	EEA	Orbital osteoma	Proptosis improved	100
6	F	57	Proptosis, diplopia	Intraconal	4–6	EEA + medial transconjunctival approach	Orbit carcinoid metastasis	Proptosis improved; diplopia worse	100
7I	M	60	Proptosis, visual loss, V1 numbness	Intraconal	5–7	EEA + medial transconjunctival approach	Melanocytoma	Proptosis and visual loss improved	100
8	F	48	Vision loss	Intraconal	6–8, orbital apex	FT craniotomy + OZ osteotomy	Cavernous hemangioma	Vision improved	100
9	F	19	Optic neuropathy, increased lacrimation, ptosis, strabismus	Extraconal	8–10	Lateral orbitotomy	Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland	All symptoms improved	100
10	F	50	Progressive vision loss	Intraconal	10–12	FT craniotomy + orbitotomy	Noninfectious inflammatory process	Vision unchanged; improving ptosis	50
11	F	62	Diplopia, pressure in the eye	Extraconal	12–6	Combined EEA and frontal craniotomy + orbitotomy	Recurrent nasal mucosal malignant melanoma	Symptoms improved	100
12	F	36	Proptosis, acromegaly	Intraconal	11–5	Combined EEA and frontal craniotomy + orbitotomy	Neuroendocrine tumor	Proptosis improved	100

Abbreviations: EEA, endoscopic endonasal approach; FT, frontotemporal; OZ, orbitozygomatic.