Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants by responses to the Barriers to Healthy Eating (HE) and Barriers to Physical Activity (PA) scales1.
| DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample n=162 | Low Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=99) | High Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=29) | Low Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=15) | High Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=19) | P-value 2 | |
| Age (years) | 47.6 (5.6) | 47.9 (5.7) | 47.8 (6.0) | 46.5 (5.2) | 46.8 (4.7) | 0.73 |
| Ethnicity (n=162) | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 111(68.5%) | 70 (70.7%) | 19 (65.5%) | 7 (46.7%) | 15 (78.9%) | 0.07 |
| Hispanic | 16 (9.9%) | 7 (6.9%) | 2 (6.9%) | 6 (40.0%) | 1 (5.3%) | |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 9 (5.6%) | 5 (5.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | ||
| Asian | 23 (14.2%) | 15 (15.2%) | 4 (13.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | |
| Other | 3 (1.9%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (3.4%) | |||
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Married/living as married vs. single/divorced | 122 (75.3%) | 76 (76.8%) | 22 (75.9%) | 9 (60.0%) | 15 (78.9%) | 0.54 |
| Lives Alone (percent yes) | 24 (14.8%) | 12 (12.1%) | 5 (17.2%) | 4 (26.7%) | 3 (15.8%) | 0.50 |
| Has Children (percent yes) | 109 (67.3%) | 66 (66.7%) | 20 (69.0%) | 8 (53.3%) | 15 (78.9%) | 0.47 |
| Educational Attainment (n=162) | 0.35 | |||||
| High school grad, GED, or vocational or training school | 9 (5.6%) | 2 (2.0%) | 4 (13.8%) | 1 (6.7°%) | 2 (10.5%) | |
| Some college or AA | 41 (25.3%) | 23 (23.2%) | 6 (20.7%) | 6 (40.0%) | 6 (31.6%) | |
| 4 year college graduate | 47 (29.0%) | 32 (32.2%) | 7 (24.1%) | 3 (20.0%) | 5 (26.3%) | |
| Some graduate school | 24 (14.8%) | 16 (16.2%) | 5 (17.2%) | -- | 3 (15.8%) | |
| Completed graduate school | 41 (25.3%) | 26 (26.3%) | 7 (24.1%) | 5 (33.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | |
| Current Employment Status | 0.92 | |||||
| Full-time | 86 (53.1%) | 51 (51.5%) | 16 (55.2%) | 10 (66.7%) | 9 (47.4%) | |
| Part-time | 28 (17.3%) | 18 (18.2%) | 4 (13.8%) | 1 (6.7°%) | 5 (26.3%) | |
| Full time homemaker, full or part time volunteer, student, or retired | 31 (19.1%) | 19 (19.2%) | 6 (20.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | 4 (21.1%) | |
| Unemployed, on temporary medical leave, or permanently disabled | 17 (10.5%) | 11 (11.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | 2 (13.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | |
| Total Family Income (n=157) | 0.24 | |||||
| Under $60,000 | 27 (17.2%) | 17 (17.7%) | 4 (13.8%) | 2 (14.3%) | 4 (22.2%) | |
| $60,001-$100,000 | 56 (35.7%) | 27 (28.1%) | 14 (48.3%) | 8 (57.1%) | 7 (38.9%) | |
| Over $100,000 | 74 (47.1%) | 52 (54.2%) | 11 (37.9%) | 4 (28.6%) | 7 (38.9%) |
| MEDICAL CHARACTERISTICS | P-value2 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample n=162 | Low Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=99) | High Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=29) | Low Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=15) | High Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=19) | ||
| Height (inches) | 64.8 (2.8) | 64.7 (2.8) | 64.5 (2.9) | 65.3 (2.6) | 65.7 (2.2) | 0.39 |
| Current Weight (lbs) | 151.0 (38.3) | 143.3a (30.5) | 161.7 (47.7) | 149.1 (30.1) | 176.3a (50.9) | 0.002 |
| Current BMI | 25.1 (5.5) | 24.0b,c (4.3) | 27.0b (6.6) | 24.5 (4.6) | 28.6c (7.8) | 0.001 |
| BMI at Diagnosis (n=158) | 24.5 (5.5) | 23.4d,e (4.4) | 26.4d (7.2) | 24.5 (4.7) | 28.1e (6.9) | 0.002 |
| Menopausal Status | 0.031 | |||||
| Pre | 54 (33.3%) | 31 (31.3%) | 8 (27.6%) | 10 (66.7%) | 5 (26.3%) | |
| Post | 93 (57.4%) | 60 (60.6%) | 16 (55.2%) | 4 (26.7%) | 13 (68.4%) | |
| Unknown -- Hysterectomy | 4 (2.5%) | -- | 2 (6.9%) | 1 (6.7%) | 1 (5.3%) | |
| Unknown -Treatment-related Amenorrhea | 11 (6.8%) | 8 (8.1%) | 3 (10.3%) | |||
| Count of co-morbidities (0 to 13, n=161) | 1.2 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.3) | 0.9 (0.9) | 1.8 (1.7) | 0.07 |
| Years since diagnosis | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.3 (1.5) | 3.5 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.5) | 3.7 (1.4) | 0.57 |
| Type of surgery (n=161) | 0.16 | |||||
| Mastectomy only | 100 (62.1%) | 68 (68.7%) | 14 (48.3%) | 7 (50.0%) | 11 (57.9%) | |
| Lumpectomy only | 61 (37.9%) | 31 (31.3%) | 15 (51.7%) | 7 (50.0%) | 8 (42.1%) | |
| Chemotherapy and/or Radiation | 0.14 | |||||
| Had neither chemotherapy nor radiation | 21 (13.0%) | 15 (15.2%) | 2 (6.9%) | 2 (13.3%) | 2 (10.5%) | |
| Had Chemotherapy only (percent yes) | 40 (24.7%) | 29 (29.3%) | 3 (10.3%) | 5 (33.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | |
| Had Radiation only (percent yes) | 15 (9.3%) | 9 (9.1%) | 2 (6.9%) | 3 (20.0%) | 1 (5.3%) | |
| Had both chemotherapy and radiation (percent yes) | 86 (53.1%) | 46 (46.5%) | 22 (75.9%) | 5 (33.3%) | 13 (68.4%) | |
| Received Herceptin or other biotherapy (percent yes, n=157) | 36 (22.9%) | 22 (22.9%) | 7 (25.0%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (21.1%) | 0.99 |
| Currently receiving endocrine therapy | 98 (60.5%) | 61 (61.6%) | 19 (65.5%) | 8 (53.3%) | 10 (52.6%) | 0.76 |
| QUALITY OF LIFE AND SYMPTOMS | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample n=162 | Low Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=99) | High Barriers PA, Low Barriers HE (n=29) | Low Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=15) | High Barriers PA, High Barriers HE (n=19) | P-value | |
| CESD | 14.1 (10.1) | 12.2a (8.7) | 15.0 (12.4) | 18.3 (11.9) | 19.5 a (9.4) | 0.008 |
| PSS ( n=161) | 16.7 (6.7) | 15.2b (6.1) | 17.9 (6.9) | 19.5 (7.0) | 20.7 b (7.2) | 0.002 |
| MOS emotional social support (n=162) | 75.1 (22.5) | 79.6c (19.5) | 68.3 (26.1) | 71.3 (22.6) | 64.8 c (26.1) | 0.01 |
| MOS instrumental social support (n=161) | 73.8 (27.0) | 79.7d (23.0) | 65.3 (31.8) | 65.8 (27.3) | 62.5 d (31.7) | 0.006 |
| FSI Level of fatigue on the day felt most fatigued during the last week | 6.3 (2.6) | 5.8e (2.7) | 6.8 (2.5) | 7.0 (2.4) | 7.6 e (1.7) | 0.01 |
| SF-12 Physical Component (n=159) | 47.9 (9.6) | 49.5f,g (8.7) | 43.6f,h (10.1) | 51.7h,i (8.0) | 43.0g,i (10.9) | 0.001 |
| SF-12 Mental Component (n=159) | 47.1 (10.8) | 49.1j (9.4) | 46.2 (13.5) | 41.2j (9.6) | 42.8 (11.6) | 0.01 |
| BCPT Symptom Scales | ||||||
| Hot flashes | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.0 |
| Nausea | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.53 |
| Bladder Control | 0.5 (0.8) | 0.4k (0.7) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.7 (1.1) | 1.0k (1.0) | 0.003 |
| Vaginal Problems | 1.4 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.4) | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.4) | 0.60 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.3 (0.9) | 1.9 (1.1) | 0.13 |
| Cognitive problems | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.4l (1.1) | 1.4 (0.9) | 2.3l (1.3) | 1.7 (1.1) | 0.049 |
| Weight problems | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.4m (1.2) | 1.7 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.3) | 2.6m (1.1) | 0.002 |
| Arm Problems | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.4n (0.7) | 1.2n (1.1) | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.7 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Superscripts a-n indicate pairs which differ significantly
For menopausal status, the Low PA/High HE group differs significantly from all 3 other groups
1Barrier groups were created based on mean responses to each of the two scales. Participants were considered to have low barriers for each of the scales if they reported a mean response of less than 2.5 and to have high barriers if they reported a mean response of 2.5 or higher. Both BHE and BPA scale response options ranged from 1 to 5 with 1 representing “Never” and 5 representing “Very Often.”
2Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) used to compare participants by barrier quadrants for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.
Additional Scale and item descriptions: Currently receiving endocrine therapy: e.g. Tamoxifen, Femara, Aromasin, Arimidex, Lupron or Zoladex (percent yes); Depression: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, CES-D, higher=more depressed); Stress: (Perceived Stress Scale, PSS, higher=more perceived stress, n=161; Social support: MOS emotional social support, higher=more support, n=162; MOS instrumental social support, higher=more support, n=161; Well-being: Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): Physical Component, higher =higher functioning, Short Form Health Survey (SF-12): Mental Component, higher=higher functioning; Breast Cancer-Related Symptoms (Breast Cancer Prevention Trial Symptom Checklist) ,BCPT Symptom Scales, Scales range from 0-4 with higher indicating more symptoms.