Table 1.
Demographic and Biochemical Characteristics by Aldosterone Quintile
| Variable | Aldo Quintile 1, <8.58 ng/dl | Aldo Quintile 2, 8.58–11.58 ng/dl | Aldo Quintile 3, 11.59–14.91 ng/dl | Aldo Quintile 4, 14.92–19.66 ng/dl | Aldo Quintile 5, >19.66 ng/dl |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 309 | 310 | 309 | 310 | 309 |
| Age, y | 61.2 (9.4) | 61.8 (9.8) | 60.2 (9.1) | 61.3 (9.1) | 59.6 (9.5) |
| Female, n (%) | 150 (48.5%) | 164 (52.9%) | 159 (51.5%) | 138 (44.5%) | 156 (50.5%) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| White | 115 (37.2%) | 118 (38.1%) | 115 (37.2%) | 131 (42.3%) | 134 (43.4%) |
| Chinese American | 31 (10.0%) | 47 (15.2%) | 48 (15.5%) | 49 (15.8%) | 31 (10.0%) |
| African American | 91 (29.5%) | 67 (21.6%) | 56 (18.1%) | 52 (16.8%) | 46 (14.9%) |
| Hispanic | 72 (23.3%) | 78 (25.2%) | 90 (29.1%) | 78 (25.2%) | 98 (31.7%) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 (5.5) | 28.1 (5.3) | 28.0 (4.9) | 27.7 (4.6) | 28.3 (5.2) |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 98.4 (34.2) | 96.1 (26.1) | 95.0 (27.3) | 98.8 (32.3) | 97.3 (28.0) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 111 (35.9%) | 123 (39.7%) | 120 (38.8%) | 123 (39.7%) | 163 (52.8%) |
| Antihypertensive medications, n (%) | 93 (30.1%) | 91 (29.4%) | 89 (28.9%) | 95 (30.7%) | 133 (43.0%) |
| RAAS inhibitor | 51 (16.5%) | 49 (15.8%) | 46 (14.9%) | 46 (14.8%) | 51 (16.5%) |
| Diuretic | 21 (6.8%) | 23 (7.4%) | 24 (7.8%) | 31 (10%) | 62 (20.1%) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 23 (7.4%) | 34 (11.0%) | 21 (6.8%) | 27 (8.7%) | 48 (15.5%) |
| β-blocker | 18 (5.8%) | 18 (5.8%) | 26 (8.4%) | 23 (7.4%) | 38 (12.3%) |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Never smoker | 130 (42.1%) | 160 (51.61%) | 175 (56.6%) | 171 (55.3%) | 134 (43.4%) |
| Former | 131 (42.4%) | 107 (34.52%) | 96 (31.1%) | 102 (33.0%) | 128 (41.4%) |
| Current | 48 (15.5%) | 43 (13.87%) | 38 (12.3%) | 36 (11.7%) | 47 (15.2%) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.2) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 82.2 (12.8) | 80.9 (12.8) | 81.3 (12.3) | 81.1 (12.8) | 80.8 (12.6) |
| Serum sodium, Eq/L | 146.7 (3.3) | 146.9 (3.5) | 147.2 (3.2) | 147.7 (3.5) | 146.6 (3.5) |
| Serum potassium, mEq/L | 4.35 (0.34) | 4.31 (0.36) | 4.32 (0.41) | 4.27 (0.34) | 4.18 (0.39) |
| Serum calcium, mg/dl | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.7 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) | 9.6 (0.4) |
| Urine calcium-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 0.102 (0.068) | 0.104 (0.075) | 0.099 (0.079) | 0.098 (0.059) | 0.098 (0.082) |
| Serum phosphate, mg/dl | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) |
| Urine phosphate-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 0.435 (0.169) | 0.467 (0.181) | 0.461 (0.193) | 0.460 (0.171) | 0.470 (0.179) |
| Urine sodium-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 1.21 (0.62) | 1.24 (0.78) | 1.09 (0.63) | 1.07 (0.63) | 0.95 (0.64) |
| Urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio, mg/g | 0.52 (0.23) | 0.58 (0.27) | 0.56 (0.28) | 0.57 (0.27) | 0.53 (0.24) |
| Annualized 25(OH)D, ng/ml | 24.2 (9.9) | 26.3 (14.1) | 25.0 (10.3) | 27.7 (9.3) | 26.8 (10.3) |
| PTH, pg/ml | 43.2 (18.4) | 43.3 (16.2) | 43.5 (15.6) | 43.0 (17.1) | 46.2 (18.0) |
| Aldosterone, ng/dl | 6.3 (1.5); 6.6 [5.3, 7.6] | 10.1 (0.9); 10 [9.4, 10.9] | 13.2 (1.0); 13.0 [12.3, 14.0] | 17.2 (1.4); 17.2 [16.0, 18.3] | 27.3 (8.8); 24.4 [21.3, 29.8] |
| PRA, ng/ml · h | 1.2 (3.2); 0.4 [0.2, 0.8] | 1.0 (1.8); 0.5 [0.3, 0.8] | 0.9 (1.6); 0.5 [0.3, 0.9] | 1.6 (3.8); 0.7 [0.3, 1.3] | 2.5 (4.8); 1.0 [0.5, 1.9] |
| Aldosterone-to renin ratio | 31.8 (96.7); 15.7 [6.7, 27.8] | 41.4 (141.9); 21.1 [12.1, 33.9] | 58.5 (157.9); 25.2 [14.6, 47.6] | 74.8 (250.9); 23.1 [13.8, 52.6] | 51.5 (95.7); 25.2 [13.2, 55.4] |
Demographic and biochemical values are shown by quintile of aldosterone.
Values shown are Mean (sd), except for aldosterone, PRA, and aldosterone-to-renin ratio, which are represented as Mean (sd) and Median [interquartile range].