Figure 2.

Hepatotoxic effects of FAs. FAs have been shown to induce cytotoxicity and hepatic damage through four main mechanisms: (I) activation of inflammatory signals via direct TLR2/4 binding; (II) mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress; (III) induction of ER stress with consequent JNK cascade activation; (IV) indirect activation of cell death signals depending on the release of specific inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α. FA, fatty acid; TIR, toll like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.