. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Nov 25;22(1):94–112. doi: 10.1111/acem.12538

Table 5.

Associated Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Approaches Based on ED Presentation Phenotype

ED Presentation Phenotype	Clinical Characteristics	Treatment
Low BP (SBP < 100 mm Hg)	Known/suspected low LVEF	Diuretics (+++)
		Inotropes/Pressors (++)
		Mechanical support (+)
Normal BP (SBP 100–140 mm Hg)	Subacute systems	Diuretics (++)
	Preserved or reduced LVF	IV vasodilators (+)
	Dietary/medication indiscretion	Topical nitrates (++)
High BP (SBP > 140 mm Hg)	History of HTN	Topical/SL nitrates (++)
	Abrupt system onset	Diuretics (+)
	Flash pulmonary edema	IV vasodilators (+++)
	Multiple non-CV comorbidities	NIV

+ = Relative intensity of use; BP = blood pressure; CAD = coronary artery disease; CRI = chronic renal insufficiency; CV = cardiovascular; HTN = hypertension; IV = intravenous; LVEF = left ventricle ejection fraction; NIV = NIV = noninvasive ventilation; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SL = sublingual.