Table 2.
Estimates for the Number of Visits (Incidence Rate Ratios)
| Number of Doctor Visits | Number of GP Visits | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pooled | Fixed Effects | Random Eff. Mundlak | Pooled | Fixed Effects | Random Eff. Mundlak | |
| Frailty (ref. Robust) | ||||||
| Prefrail | 1.206*** | 1.168*** | 1.170*** | 1.156*** | 1.092** | 1.089*** |
| Frail | 1.488*** | 1.452*** | 1.441*** | 1.418*** | 1.368*** | 1.317*** |
| Multimorbidity | 1.386*** | 1.228*** | 1.229*** | 1.251*** | 1.143*** | 1.125*** |
| Prefrail × Multimorbidity | 0.935** | 0.947 | 0.938** | 0.969 | 0.969 | 0.974 |
| Frail × Multimorbidity | 0.787*** | 0.727*** | 0.746*** | 0.853*** | 0.733*** | 0.800*** |
| ADL limitations | 1.034*** | 1.037* | 1.041** | 1.050*** | 1.029 | 1.040* |
| Self-perceived health | 1.252*** | 1.185*** | 1.187*** | 1.182*** | 1.109*** | 1.110*** |
| Long-term illness | 1.324*** | 1.172*** | 1.180*** | 1.199*** | 1.112*** | 1.122*** |
| Two or more symptoms | 1.163*** | 1.117*** | 1.139*** | 1.121*** | 1.054* | 1.090*** |
| Depression symptoms | 1.027*** | 1.018** | 1.017** | 1.019*** | 1.019** | 1.018** |
| Age category (ref. 50–59) | ||||||
| 60–69 | 1.034* | 0.972 | 1.041 | 1.058*** | 0.942 | 1.015 |
| 70–79 | 1.050** | 0.936 | 1.050 | 1.112*** | 0.872* | 1.008 |
| 80+ | 0.991 | 0.916 | 1.036 | 1.109*** | 0.843* | 0.994 |
| Male | 0.991 | 0.961** | 1.029* | 1.015 | ||
| Living with partner | 1.014 | 1.034 | 1.010 | 0.977 | 1.012 | 1.000 |
| Children | 1.023 | 1.173 | 1.187 | 1.024 | 1.215 | 1.184 |
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||
| Secondary | 0.971* | 0.949 | 0.951 | 0.913*** | 0.943 | 0.971 |
| Tertiary or higher | 1.018 | 0.930 | 0.946 | 0.867*** | 0.962 | 0.972 |
| Hh. wealth (ref. 1st quartile) | ||||||
| 2nd quartile | 0.967* | 1.009 | 1.000 | 0.931*** | 1.009 | 0.988 |
| 3rd quartile | 0.951** | 0.983 | 0.988 | 0.901*** | 0.963 | 0.975 |
| 4th quartile | 0.943*** | 1.011 | 1.005 | 0.841*** | 0.967 | 0.958 |
| Fin. distress (ref. Great difficulty) | ||||||
| Some difficulty | 0.959* | 0.976 | 0.971 | 0.924*** | 0.969 | 0.957 |
| Relative ease | 0.935** | 0.933 | 0.937 | 0.890*** | 0.921 | 0.930 |
| Ease | 0.978 | 0.953 | 0.962 | 0.904*** | 0.938 | 0.946 |
| Is socially active | 1.016 | 0.971 | 0.976 | 0.963*** | 0.964 | 0.975 |
| Is physically active | 0.937*** | 0.971 | 0.969 | 0.938*** | 0.949* | 0.947** |
| Has ever smoked | 0.995 | 0.941* | 0.990 | 0.969** | 0.932 | 0.981 |
| Is a frequent drinker | 0.930*** | 0.943 | 0.937* | 0.949*** | 1.006 | 0.999 |
| Country dummies | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Wave dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country × Wave dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Time-averages of regressors | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Durbin–Wu–Hausman test | ||||||
| χ2 (42) | 1,185.95 | 959.86 | ||||
| p-value | .000 | .000 | ||||
| Wald joint test (Ho: γ = 0) | ||||||
| χ2 (15) | 207.86 | 181.79 | ||||
| p-value | .000 | .000 | ||||
| LR test (H0: σ(σi = 0)) | ||||||
|
1.8 × 105 | 9.8 × 104 | ||||
| p-value | .000 | .000 | ||||
| Observations | 64,003 | 29,067 | 64,003 | 56,433 | 24,099 | 56,433 |
| No. of individuals | 48,871 | 14,459 | 48,871 | 44,170 | 11,990 | 44,170 |
Note All results are based on bootstrapped standard errors. Coefficients for country and wave dummies and their interactions can be provided upon request.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.