Table 3.
Estimates for the Probability of Being Admitted to Hospital (Odds Ratios)
| Pooled | Conditional Logit | Random Effects-Mundlak | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty (ref. Robust) | |||
| Prefrail | 1.373*** | 1.234** | 1.291*** |
| Frail | 1.964*** | 1.895*** | 1.770*** |
| Multimorbidity | 1.508*** | 1.434*** | 1.390*** |
| Prefrail × Multimorbidity | 0.949 | 1.027 | 0.959 |
| Frail × Multimorbidity | 0.840* | 0.737* | 0.844* |
| ADL limitations | 1.062*** | 1.087** | 1.116** |
| Self-perceived health | 1.431*** | 1.393*** | 1.415*** |
| Long-term illness | 1.330*** | 1.172** | 1.247*** |
| Two or more symptoms | 1.203*** | 1.220*** | 1.206*** |
| Depression symptoms | 1.039*** | 1.059*** | 1.054*** |
| Age category (ref. 50–59) | |||
| 60–69 | 1.132*** | 1.059 | 1.153* |
| 70–79 | 1.307*** | 1.220 | 1.365** |
| 80+ | 1.230*** | 1.296 | 1.302 |
| Male | 1.282*** | 1.298*** | |
| Living with partner | 0.988 | 1.240 | 1.248 |
| Children | 1.150*** | 0.861 | 1.008 |
| Education (ref. Primary) | |||
| Secondary | 1.041 | 1.015 | 0.972 |
| Tertiary | 1.024 | 0.986 | 0.885 |
| Hh. wealth (ref. 1st quartile) | |||
| 2nd quartile | 0.994 | 1.053 | 0.990 |
| 3rd quartile | 0.934 | 0.971 | 0.923 |
| 4th quartile | 1.124** | 1.153 | 1.114 |
| Fin. distress (ref. Great difficulty) | |||
| Some difficulty | 1.025 | 1.197 | 0.998 |
| Relative ease | 1.020 | 1.083 | 0.961 |
| Ease | 1.073 | 1.097 | 0.984 |
| Is socially active | 1.040 | 0.882** | 0.910 |
| Is physically active | 0.949 | 0.910 | 0.913 |
| Has ever smoked | 1.109*** | 1.126*** | |
| Is a frequent drinker | 0.943* | 0.847* | 0.896 |
| Country dummies | Yes | No | Yes |
| Wave dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Country × Wave dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Durbin–Wu–Hausman test | |||
| χ2 (42) | 79.38 | ||
| p-value | .000 | ||
| Wald joint test (Ho: γ = 0) | |||
| χ2 (15) | 34.97 | ||
| p-value | .002 | ||
| LR test (H0: ρ = 0) | |||
|
29.85 | ||
| p-value | .000 | ||
| Observations | 64,196 | 14,118 | 64,196 |
| No. of individuals | 48,995 | 5,521 | 48,995 |
Note All results are based on bootstrapped standard errors. Coefficients for country and wave dummies and their interactions can be provided upon request.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.