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A mechanical model for cell motion and manipulation. (a) The model of a conventional manipulation system without an actuation transmitter where a macro-scale pump directly controls the cell motion. Reprinted with permission from Sakuma et al., Micromachines 5, 1188–1201 (2014). Copyright 2014 MDPI Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. (b) The manipulation system where cell motion is controlled by a macro-scale pump through the proposed actuation transmitter.
