Table 2.
Univariate association with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency or Sufficiency
| Variable | 25(OH)D (ng/ml) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ≤20 (n = 179) | >20 (n = 60) | ||
| Age (yrs) | 57.0 ± 11.5 | 59.4 ± 10.9 | 0.151 |
| Men | 129 (72%) | 46 (77%) | 0.487 |
| Women | 50 (28%) | 14 (23%) | |
| Caucasian | 127 (71%) | 51 (85%) | 0.031 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.2 ± 6.6 29. | 0 ± 5.5 | 0.025 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 83 (49%) | 27 (47%) | 0.791 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 98 (55%) | 41 (68%) | 0.073 |
| Divorced/separated | 46 (26%) | 12 (20%) | |
| Widowed | 11 (6%) | 3 (5%) | |
| Single | 23 (12%) | 4 (7%) | |
| Avoid service | 61 (34%) | 13 (22%) | 0.092 |
| Education | |||
| Did not finish high school | 33 (19%) | 5 (8%) | 0.129 |
| Completed high school | 42 (24%) | 15 (25%) | |
| Some college/vocational school | 60 (34%) | 22 (37%) | |
| Graduated from college | 28 (16%) | 12 (20%) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 15 (8%) | 6 (10%) | |
| High school | 145 (82%) | 55 (92%) | 0.063 |
| Low social support | 31 (18%) | 3 (5%) | 0.015 |
| No health insurance | 42 (24%) | 6 (10%) | 0.026 |
| Medical costs burden | 0.307 | ||
| Severe burden | 23 (13%) | 4 (7%) | |
| Moderate burden | 12 (7%) | 5 (9%) | |
| Somewhat of a burden | 25 (14%) | 7 (11%) | |
| A little burden | 12 (7%) | 6 (10%) | |
| No burden at all | 103 (59%) | 37 (63%) | |
| Live alone | 42 (24%) | 9 (15%) | 0.161 |
| Region | 0.093 | ||
| Midwest | 72 (48%) | 20 (39%) | |
| Northeast | 19 (13%) | 5 (10%) | |
| Southeast | 28 (19%) | 10 (19%) | |
| Southwest | 25 (17%) | 14 (27%) | |
| West | 6 (4%) | 3 (6%) | |
| Season 0.124 | |||
| April to June | 2 (1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| July to September | 67 (38%) | 31 (52%) | |
| October to December | 109 (61%) | 29 (48%) | |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD or as number (percentage). Continuous variables were compared using linear trend tests. Categorical variables were compared using Mantel-Haenszel trend tests.
BMI = body mass index.