Table 7.

Behavior of the training pigs during positive and negative treatments in the presence of their naive pen mates who received an administration of oxytocin or a placebo 30 min before they went to the test room with the training pigs

	Positive treatment		Negative treatment		Effects1
	Oxytocin	Placebo	Oxytocin	Placebo	T	A	TA
Behavior
Standing alert (% of time)	3.5 ± 2.1	4.3 ± 3.0	33.9 ± 3.2	34.3 ± 4.0	***	NS	NS
Escape attempts (% of pens)2	0	12.5	0	0	NS	NS	–
Play (% of pens)2	100g	100g	0h	0h	***	NS	–
Urinating (% of pens)2	0g	0g	75.0h	87.5h	***	NS	–
Defecating (freq.)	0.3 ± 0.2a	0.3 ± 0.1a	4.1 ± 0.4b	5.1 ± 0.3c	***	*	*
Exploring treatment door (% of time)	3.2 ± 1.2a	1.1 ± 0.6b	2.3 ± 0.5ab	3.2 ± 0.4b	NS	NS	*
Ear posture
Ears back (% of time)	10.3 ± 4.0	13.5 ± 2.7	6.1 ± 1.6	6.8 ± 1.3	NS	NS	NS
Tail postures
Tail in curl (% of time)	85.0 ± 5.9	82.0 ± 7.0	99.9 ± 0.1	100 ± 0.0	**	NS	NS
Tail wagging (% of time)	11.6 ± 4.8	9.2 ± 3.9	0	0.0 ± 0.0	**	NS	NS
Tail low (% of time)	3.4 ± 2.2a	8.8 ± 4.2b	0.1 ± 0.1a	0a	+	+	*

Means with different superscript letters differ significantly (a/b/c: P < 0.05; g/h: P < 0.01)

¹Significance of effects of treatment (T), intranasal administration (A) and their interaction (TA) is indicated: *** P < 0.001; ** P < 0.01; * P < 0.05; ⁺ P < 0.10; NS P ≥ 0.10; – no statistical analysis performed

²The effect of treatment within the oxytocin or placebo administration was not significant for escape attempts, but was significant for play (P < 0.001) and for urinating (P < 0.01)