Figure 1.

(a) Metapopulation range extent through time. The lighter shading in the background shows the persistence and range extent of the metapopulation without mutation accumulation. Darker shading in the foreground shows the persistence and range extent of the metapopulation with mutation accumulation. Standard deviation of the dispersal kernel σ = 0.25 (m = 0.05), growth rate λ = 2 and mutation effect size s = 0.025. (b) For the same settings as (a), transect of mean viability (w) in patches across the range at generation 2900. Error bars represent the standard error of 30 replicates. (c) Snapshots of range extent for increasing dispersal neighbourhoods. Growth rate λ = 2 and mutation effect size s = 0.025.