Figure 1. Consecutive snapshots of the sample illustrating the formation of nanotube chains.

The distance between electrodes is 1 cm, applied voltage is 400 V, and the series resistor is 100 MOhm. Panel (a) demonstrates the photograph of the ER fluid before the voltage is applied and the schematic of the experimental setup. The following photographs are taken after (b) t = 45 s, (c) t = 90 s and (d) t = 1500 s of interaction with E-field.