Fig. 1.

Map of the Serengeti ecosystem (Tanzania). Circles represent human settlements (gray) surrounding the Serengeti National Park, villages/households from which domestic dogs were sampled (dark blue), locations where lions were sampled (black), and villages included in domestic dog vaccination campaigns that were not sampled (pale blue). (A) Arrows indicate the direction of the spread of CDV during the 1994 epidemic as reconstructed by Cleaveland et al. (16). (B) Small-scale domestic dog vaccination campaigns conducted during 1996–2002. (C) Expanded domestic dog vaccination program implemented during 2003–2012.