Table 1.
Group expeditions (summits and deaths)
| Row | Variable | DV: no. of summits | DV: no. of deaths |
| 1 | Hierarchy (Schwartz and Hofstede combined) | 0.203*** (0.049) | 0.669*** (0.135) |
| 2 | Region fixed effect | Included | Included |
| 3 | Season fixed effect | Included | Included |
| 4 | Year | 0.005 (0.003) | −0.029** (0.011) |
| 5 | Standard route dummy (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.083 (0.059) | −0.475* (0.205) |
| 6 | Illegal expedition dummy (1 = yes, 0 = no) | 0.033 (0.082) | Summit model only |
| 7 | Terminated because too risky (1 = yes, 0 = no) | Death model only | 0.143 (0.261) |
| 8 | Average age of climbers | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.017 (0.016) |
| 9 | No. of expedition members | 0.042*** (0.006) | −0.011 (0.015) |
| 10 | No. of hired Sherpas | 0.130*** (0.015) | 0.102 (0.065) |
| 11 | No. of hired non-Sherpas | 0.019*** (0.005) | 0.222* (0.105) |
| 12 | Unique expedition roles | −0.020 (0.016) | 0.160* (0.071) |
| 13 | Leader experience | 0.008* (0.003) | 0.013 (0.018) |
| 14 | Average climber experience | −0.007 (0.008) | −0.067 (0.063) |
| 15 | SD of climber experience | 0.011** (0.004) | 0.040 (0.042) |
| 16 | No. of camp sites | 0.069*** (0.020) | −0.071 (0.036) |
| 17 | No. climbers using O2 | 0.009 (0.008) | −0.007 (0.029) |
| 18 | No. of women on expedition | 0.005 (0.010) | −0.043 (0.040) |
| 19 | Peak height in meters (log) | −2.654*** (0.213) | 5.023*** (1.427) |
| 20 | High point reached (log) | Death model only | −0.497 (0.568) |
| 21 | No. of climbers summited | Death model only | −0.093* (0.041) |
| 22 | Gini index | 0.007 (0.004) | −0.003 (0.011) |
| 23 | GDP per capita (log) | 0.057 (0.056) | 0.176 (0.127) |
| 24 | Population (log) | −0.020 (0.017) | −0.007 (0.071) |
| 25 | Climatic demands index | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.004 (0.007) |
| 26 | Mean elevation native country (log) | 0.016 (0.021) | −0.161* (0.081) |
| 27 | Mean years of schooling | −0.011 (0.019) | 0.001 (0.052) |
| 28 | Industrial performance index | 0.026 (0.176) | −0.975 (0.647) |
| 29 | Democracy index | −0.035** (0.013) | −0.091 (0.074) |
| 30 | Mastery (Schwartz) | 0.272* (0.136) | 0.705 (0.721) |
| 31 | Harmony (Schwartz) | 0.251** (0.094) | 1.158** (0.375) |
| 32 | Embeddedness index (Schwartz) | −0.121** (0.042) | −0.056 (0.104) |
| 33 | Individualism (IDV; Hofstede) | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.009 (0.006) |
| 34 | Masculinity (MAS; Hofstede) | −0.001(0.001) | −0.007 (0.004) |
| 35 | Uncertainty avoidance (UAI; Hofstede) | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.006) |
| 36 | Observations | 4,025 | 4,001 |
| 37 | Mean VIF† | 3.99 | 4.17 |
*
P ≤ 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Results from zero-inflated negative binomial regression. DV, dependent variable; IDV, individualism; MAS, masculinity; UAI, uncertainty avoidance; VIF, variance inflation factor. Schwartz refers to ref. 12. Hofstede refers to refs. 13 and 14.
†
Although present, VIF was not severe in most models. Max VIF was less than 10 in all models, which is the recommended cutoff value for acceptable levels of VIF (50).