Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Schematic depicting the cascade of events underlying the biological effects of cigarette smoking.
Note: With exposure to cigarette smoke, there is generation of oxidative stress followed by cell signaling, activation of transcription factors, and release of mediators. Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.
