Compartmentalization models for biosynthesis of penicillin, aflatoxin and trichothecene. (A) Synthesis of penicillin in P. chrysogenum. Pathway precursors and intermediates are abbreviated: AAA, L-α-aminoadipic acid; L-Cys, L-cysteine; L-Val, L-valine; PAA, phenylacetic acid; ACV, δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteinyl-D-valine; IPN, isopenicillin N; PenG, penicillin G. Enzymes are abbreviated: ACVS, ACV synthetase; IPNS; isopenicillin N synthase; PCL, Phenylacetyl-CoA ligase; and IAT, IPN acyltransferase. (B) Synthesis of aflatoxin in A. parasiticus. Pathway intermediate abbreviation NA is norsolorinic acid. Enzymes are abbreviated: Nor-1, NA reductase; PksA, polyketide synthase A; Fas, Fatty acid synthase; Ver-1, versicolorin A dehydrogenase; OmtA, dihydro-sterigmatocystin O-methyltransferase; Vbs, versicolorin B synthase. (C) Synthesis of trichothecene in F. graminearum. Product abbreviation DON is deoxynivalenol. Enzymes are abbreviated: Tri1p, calonectrin oxygenase; Tri4p, trichodiene oxygenase, Hmr1p, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase.