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. 2015 Feb 9;6:68. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00068

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Copyright © 2015 Kistler and Broz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Export vesicles and localized secretion of aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid. Toxigenic cells of A. parasiticus. (A) Visualized using bright-field microscopy, toxigenic cells show pronounced extracellular protuberances (arrows). (B) Similar toxigenic cells treated with the fluorescent vital dye FUN-1 visualizing orange extracellular bodies (arrows) normally associated with cylindrical intravacuolar structures (Millard et al., 1997). (C) Detection of foci (arrows) on surfaces of toxigenic cell by immunofluorescence using anti-aflatoxin antibodies. (D) Detection of norsolorinic acid (NA) on the cell surface (arrows) using fluorescent anti-NA antibodies. Photos reprinted from Chanda et al. (2010) by permission from the publisher, the American Society for Microbiology.