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. 2014 Dec 24;14:372. doi: 10.1186/s12888-014-0372-y

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© Fukuda; licensee BioMed Central. 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Impaired glial-neuronal network. Impaired glial-neuronal network expressed by peripheral and central key enzymes of tryptophan metabolism. Hypofunctional peripheral 5-HTP cells (reflecting TPH1 dysfunction) cause a reduction in 5-HTP levels that lead to a reduction in brain 5-HT levels. In major depression, neurotoxic kynurenine metabolites (e.g., 3-HK and QUIN derived from 3-HK) and/or TPH1 dysfunction combined with compensatory TPH2 activation, may induce astrocytic and neuronal apoptosis.