Table 3.

Criterion Validity of the Youth Attachment to Parents Scale

			Attachment
Substance Use	Age	Mean (SD)	Father	Mother
Cannabis Use Frequency
	12-14	.05 (.30)	−.17***	−.06
	16	.33 (.85)	−.16***	−.16***
	19	.88 (1.32)	−.19***	−.17***
Alcohol Use Frequency
	12-14	.12 (.45)	−.08*	−.07
	16	.33 (.65)	−.07	−.03
	19	1.07 (1.07)	−.09*	−.08**
Smoke Tobacco Frequency
	12-14	.19 (.74)	−.16***	−.09*
	16	.63 (1.33)	−.10*	−.17***
	19	1.24 (1.70)	−.20***	−.16***
Substance Use Involvement Index
	12-14		−.07	−.13**
	16		−.13**	−.16***
	19		−.18***	−.17***

Note: Frequency of use in the past 30 days range on Likert scale: 0; 1 = 1-2; 2 = 3-9; 3 = 10-20; 4 = more than 20 times. Substance Use Involvement Index was constructed to be normally distributed. Correlations are Pearson r.

^*P ≤ 0.05,

^**P ≤ .01,

^***P ≤ .001