Table 1.
Several Examples of 3D Printing for Various Tissue and Organ Regeneration
| Tissue types | Printing methods | Printing materials | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone | FDM | Polymer and ceramic | PCL/CaP was printed into a 3D scaffold and seeded with MSC hydrogel. The scaffold can support MSC attachment and osteogenic differentiation | 52 |
| SLS | TCP | Microwaves were used in a novel device to sinter particles into a biomimetic, porous scaffold that increased bone formation. | 61 | |
| Cartilage and osteochondral tissue | Inkjet Bioprinting | Collagen-fibrin hydrogel | In conjunction with electrospun PCL, cartilage scaffolds were fabricated that supported the development of collagen-like structures both in vitro and in vivo. | 64 |
| Bioplotting | Alginate hydrogel | Two layers of an osteochondral scaffold were fabricated, and evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The scaffold developed distinctly different ECM morphologies in the corresponding bone and cartiage layers. | 67 | |
| FDM | Poly-lactic acid polymer and collagen | An osteochondral construct conjugated with collagen was created to enhance MSC growth and differentiation. | 68 | |
| Neural | Inkjet Bioprinting | Fibrin hydrogel | NT2 neural cells were printed between layers of 3D fibrin hydrogel to create a neural mat. The cells adhered well, proliferated, and began to extend neuritis after 12 days of culture. | 73 |
| SL | Hyaluronic acid hydrogel | Biomimetic nerve conduits were fabricated and found to support neuronal growth and axonal extension in vitro. | 75 | |
| Vascular | Bioplotting | Hyaluronan-gelatin hydrogel | Cellular constructs were fabricated that formed a vascular construct with excellent cellular viability. Aortic root sinus cells and aortic valve leaflet cells were printed in the same construct, in biomimetic form. | 84 |
| Complex tissue and organ | Bioplotting | Alginate spheroids | Stem cells were printed in an organ mimetic fashion. Cell viability was high, and spheroids fused in time to a continuous geometry. | 91 |
| Inkjet Bioprinting | Calcium chloride/sodium alginate hydrogel | 3 cell types were printed concurrently into a single scaffold. All cell types maintained viability and proliferative capacity, as well as phenotypic expression and physiological function. In vivo, vascularization was observed. | 90 |
3D, three dimensional; ECM, extracellular matrix; FDM, fused-deposition modeling; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; PCL, poly caprolactone; SL, stereolithography; SLS, selective laser sintering; TCP, tricalcium phosphate.