Table 1.
General Characteristics of the Study Population
| Characteristics | Male (n=358) | Female (n=403) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50 (38; 60) | 49 (40; 59) | 0.79 |
| Smoking, % | <0.01 | ||
| Never smoker | 32.0 | 52.7 | |
| Former smoker | 43.4 | 27.1 | |
| Current smoker | 24.6 | 20.2 | |
| TSH, mIU/L | 1.13 (0.80; 1.47) | 1.27 (0.90; 1.75) | <0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.7 (25.0; 30.3) | 26.2 (23.1; 30.0) | <0.01 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.0 (86.0; 102.0) | 81.5 (73.5; 90.1) | <0.01 |
| Waist-to-height ratio | 0.53 (0.48; 0.58) | 0.50 (0.45; 0.55) | <0.01 |
| Visceral fat, L | 4.70 (2.75; 7.02) | 2.40 (1.14; 3.66) | <0.01 |
| Subcutaneous fat, L | 6.13 (4.58; 8.06) | 7.99 (6.10; 11.11) | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.28 (1.10; 1.47) | 1.59 (1.34; 1.87) | <0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.41 (2.78; 4.00) | 3.33 (2.70; 3.95) | 0.44 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.3 (4.6; 6.1) | 5.5 (4.9; 6.2) | 0.01 |
| Total triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.91; 1.95) | 1.12 (0.84; 1.56) | <0.01 |
| Vaspin, ng/mL | 0.47 (0.26; 0.76) | 0.76 (0.47; 1.46) | <0.01 |
| Leptin, ng/mL | 6.1 (3.5; 9.4) | 18.1 (11.3; 29.5) | <0.01 |
| Serum glucose, mmol/L | 5.4 (5.1; 5.8) | 5.2 (4.9; 5.6) | <0.01 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.2 (4.9; 5.6) | 5.1 (4.8; 5.5) | <0.01 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.64 (0.47; 1.37) | 0.54 (0.45; 1.26) | <0.01 |
| Insulin, μIU/mL | 2.6 (2.0; 5.3) | 2.3 (2.0; 5.1) | 0.27 |
| 3,5-Diiodothyronine, nM | |||
| 20–29 years (m=39, f=31) | 0.20 (0.20; 0.31) | 0.22 (0.20; 0.40) | 0.40 |
| 30–39 years (m=57, f=64) | 0.21 (0.20; 0.41) | 0.25 (0.20; 0.39) | 0.35 |
| 40–49 years (m=81, f=111) | 0.27 (0.20; 0.40) | 0.25 (0.20; 0.35) | 0.67 |
| 50–59 years (m=83, f=99) | 0.30 (0.20; 0.43) | 0.23 (0.20; 0.32) | 0.07 |
| 60–69 years (m=64, f=69) | 0.26 (0.20; 0.35) | 0.23 (0.20; 0.36) | 0.55 |
| 70+years (m=34, f=29) | 0.22 (0.20; 0.34) | 0.29 (0.21; 0.40) | 0.08 |
| Overall | 0.24 (0.20; 0.38) | 0.24 (0.20; 0.37) | 0.94 |
Continuous data are expressed as median (25th; 75th); nominal data are given as percentages.
*
Chi-square test (nominal data) or Kruskal–Wallis test (interval data) were used for comparison.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TSH, thyrotropin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.