Table 4.

Factors affecting obesity among women based on multilevel analysis

		Model 2			Model 3
		Estimate	SE	Pr > |t|	Estimate	SE	Pr > |t|
Fixed effects
Individual level
Age (Ref: 19-34, yr)	35-49	0.464	0.024	<0.001	0.475	0.025	< 0.001
	50-64	0.367	0.021	<0.001	0.368	0.022	< 0.001
Household income (Ref: 4th quartile, highest)	1st quartile	0.247	0.023	<0.001	0.230	0.024	< 0.001
	2nd quartile	0.219	0.019	<0.001	0.205	0.020	< 0.001
	3rd quartile	0.125	0.019	<0.001	0.118	0.020	< 0.001
Education (Ref: college or higher)	Middle school	0.814	0.024	<0.001	0.804	0.026	< 0.001
	High school	0.332	0.019	<0.001	0.328	0.020	< 0.001
Occupation (Ref: non-manual)	Manual	0.192	0.022	<0.001	0.193	0.023	< 0.001
	Others	0.128	0.023	<0.001	0.123	0.024	< 0.001
Marital status (Ref: live with spouse)	Without spouse	-0.262	0.017	<0.001	-0.251	0.018	< 0.001
Smoking (Ref: never smoker)	Current smoker	0.051	0.037	0.171	0.051	0.039	0.186
	Former smoker	0.263	0.045	<0.001	0.263	0.047	< 0.001
Alcohol drinking	≥Once a month	-0.092	0.014	<0.001	-0.087	0.014	< 0.001
Physical activity		-0.027	0.016	0.102	-0.038	0.017	0.026
Walking		-0.062	0.014	<0.001	-0.068	0.014	< 0.001
Low-sodium diet		0.037	0.013	0.005	0.036	0.014	0.011
Sleep duration (Ref: 7-8, hr)	<7	0.102	0.013	<0.001	0.104	0.014	< 0.001
	≥8	0.152	0.034	<0.001	0.145	0.036	< 0.001
Stress (Ref: less severe)	Severe	0.193	0.014	<0.001	0.203	0.015	< 0.001
Community level
Population density					0.004	0.003	0.103
Fiscal self-reliance ratio					0.195	0.103	0.059
High education rate					-1.072	0.209	< 0.001
Park area					-1.501	0.668	0.025
Exercise facilities					0.091	0.131	0.487
Pedestrian safety					-0.011	0.080	0.892
Perceived accessibility of exercise facilities					-0.270	0.125	0.032
Satisfaction with safety					-0.089	0.288	0.758
Satisfaction with natural environment					0.275	0.170	0.107
Satisfaction with living environment					-0.075	0.215	0.727
Satisfaction with public transportation					-0.332	0.116	0.005
Social support					-0.144	0.083	0.084
Nutrition education participation					0.399	0.409	0.329
Exercise program participation					0.399	0.345	0.248
Random effects
o2		0.023	0.003	<0.001	0.013	0.002	< 0.001

SE, standard error; Pr, probability; Ref, reference.