Table 2.
Risk of poor sleep before celiac disease diagnosis
| Celiac disease (%) | Controls (%) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poor sleep a | 128/2933 (4.4) | 487/14,571 (3.3) | 1.33 | 1.08-1.62 |
| Type of hypnotics used b | ||||
| Benzodiazepine-related drugs | 111 (3.8) | 380 (2.6) | 1.47 | 1.18-1.82 |
| Benzodiazepines | 17 (0.6) | 65 (0.4) | 1.28 | 0.76-2.16 |
| Other hypnotics | 32 (1.1) | 143 (1.0) | 1.11 | 0.76-1.62 |
| Melatonin receptor agonistsc | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | - | - |
| ≥3 prescriptions of hypnotics c | ||||
| Any hypnotics | 78 (2.7) | 359 (2.5) | 1.07 | 0.84-1.38 |
| Benzodiazepine-related drugs | 62 (2.1) | 256 (1.8) | 1.19 | 0.90-1.58 |
| Benzodiazepines | 7 (0.2) | 41 (0.3) | 0.85 | 0.39-1.88 |
| Other hypnotics | 12 (0.4) | 86 (0.6) | 0.70 | 0.39-1.28 |
| Melatonin receptor agonistsd | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | - | - |
| Age | ||||
| ≤19 years | 1/1218 (0.1) | 4/6074 (0.1) | 1.23 | 0.15-9.80 |
| 20-39 years | 8/566 (1.4) | 49/2809 (1.7) | 0.82 | 0.39-1.72 |
| 40-59 years | 39/583 (6.7) | 142/2905 (4.9) | 1.38 | 0.96-1.97 |
| ≥60 years | 80/566 (14.1) | 292/2783 (10.5) | 1.40 | 1.07-1.83 |
| Sex | ||||
| Males | 36/1137 (3.2) | 150/5645 (2.7) | 1.21 | 0.83-1.75 |
| Females | 92/1796 (5.1) | 337/8926 (3.8) | 1.38 | 1.08-1.76 |
Odds ratios estimated through conditional logistic regression modelling.
aPoor sleep defined as ≥2 prescriptions of hypnotics before celiac disease diagnosis. Data capture of hypnotics: July 1st 2005-January 29th 2008.
bSee Additional file 1: Table S1 for anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) codes used to classify hypnotics.
cThe category “≥3 prescriptions of hypnotics” is being compared with the category “<3 prescriptions of hypnotics”.
dDue to lack of events no odds ratio was estimated.