Table 3b.

Experimental rat studies of Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis

	Species	Strain	CFU	Innoculation Method	Study Purpose	Principal Findings	Reference
Internal Fixation	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	1×104	Injected at tibial osteotomy after IM device placement.	Establish a model of implant-related infected non-unions with detection via fluorescent in situ hybridization.	All rats with 0 CFU had normal bone healing without infection at 6 weeks. 10/11 rats with 104 CFU developed infected non-union & all 11 IM implants had biofilm growth	Alt et al., 2011
	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	1×104	Injected in femoral MC before IM pin placed & fracture induced.	Establish a model of induced implant-associated OM following a fracture. [Control; SA;SA + ceftriaxone]	SS difference in CFU/femur & CFU/pin among three groups- highest in SA only. OM present radiographically & histopathologically in both SA groups - not in controls.	Robinson et al., 2011
Open Fracture	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolates	1×108	Innoculated in wound 15 minutes before irrigation.	Efficacy of surfactant wound irrigation to prevent infection.	Sequential surfactant irrigation protocol led to a SS lower rate of infection than a single 3 liter normal saline irrigation.	Marberry et al., 2002
	Sprague Dawley	SMH ATCC 700260	3×102 to 6.8×104	Introduced into tibial MC via dorsal defect.	Establish a traumatized (Gustilo Type III) tibiae model for acute osteomyelitis.	ID50 & ID95 values were 1.8×103 CFU & 9.2×103 CFU. Lavage reduced bacterial load but did not prevent infection.	Buxton et al., 2005
	Sprague Dawley	Cowan 1 ATCC 12598	Dose-dependent study. 5.5×102 & 1.7×103 used.	Introduced into tibial MC via dorsal defect.	Establish an acute OM model secondary to trauma with a foreign body & thermal injury.	ID50 & ID95 values were 72 & 977 CFU, respectively. At 1.7×103 CFU, all tibiae were infected when exposed to thermal injury, while 4 of 10 of nonthermal group were sterile. Sand increased bacterial load.	McPherson et al., 2008
	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	1×102	Injected directly at fracture site.	Prophylactic efficacy of interleukin-12 (IL-12) coatings for implant infection.	Local IL-12 significantly reduced the infection rate in a dose-dependent fashion. Systemic IL-12 did not reduce rates.	Li et al., 2009
	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	1×102	Injected directly at fracture site.	Efficacy of monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1) & IL-12 p70.	Local MCP-1 & IL-12 p70 significantly reduced infection, independently. No synergistic effect when combined.	Li et al., 2010a
	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	101 or 102	Injected at both ends of fracture 1 h before K-wire	Establish an open fracture OM model. [Blunt trauma, IM K-wire fixation & SA]	102 had infection rate of 90-100%. Rate with 0 CFU improved from 20% to 10% as surgical technique improved.	Lindsey et al., 2010b
	Sprague Dawley	Clinical isolate	1×102	Injected at both ends of fracture 1 h before K-wire	Evaluate effect of interleukin-12 systemic therapy in open fracture osteomyelitis.	Infection rate unchanged by IL-12 therapy; but at day 10, bacterial qualitative growth scores were SS lower.	Lindsey et al., 2010a
	Brown Norway	ATCC 49230	1×104	Injected at fracture site into femoral MC.	Effect of gentamicin- & bone morphogenetic protein-loaded scaffold or osteomyelitis.	Gentamicin-treated rats exhibited SS increased fracture healing & bridging callous formation. No SS difference in bacterial bone culture between abx & non-abx groups.	Stewart et al., 2010
	Sprague Dawley	Xenogen 38 ATCC 49525	1×105	Collagen soaked in 1×105 CFU placed in mid-femoral defect.	Effect of early cefazolin & debridement on infection in an open fracture. [2, 6 & 24 h timepoints]	In rats receiving abx at 2 h, delaying surgery from 2 h to 6 h SS increased the infection rate. Regardless of the time of surgery, delaying abx to 6 or 24 h SS increased the rate.	Penn-Barwell et al., 2012
Periprosthetic	Wistar	ATCC 25923	1×103	Injected into femoral MC before Ti rod placement.	Prophylactic efficacy of covalently bound vancomycin Ti rods.	Vancomycin-bound Ti rods led to reduced clinical signs of infection, reduced bacterial load & prevented osteolysis.	Antoci et al., 2007
	Wistar	ATCC 25923	1×103	Injected into femoral MC.	Treatment efficacy of vancomycin-loaded thin sol-gel coating.	Coating resulted in SS decrease in bacterial count & bacterial adhesion compared to control.	Adams et al., 2009
	Wistar	ATCC 25923	1×103	Injected into tibial MC after K-wire fixation.	Efficacy of debridement vs. abx-loaded cement vs. abx-loaded autogenous bone.	Teicoplanin-loaded cement led to SS lower bacterial counts, but this led to extensive infection in 3/8 rats.	Sener et al., 2010