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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 10.
Published in final edited form as: Hawaii J Public Health. 2011 Mar;3(1):19–29.

Table 2.

Summary of areca (betel) nut recipes submitted by focus group participants.

Ethnic group Number of Participants Ingredients reported Swallow quid Comments
Chamorro 18 Nut, red variety, ripe Betel leaf Yes One male used areca nut (white, soft variety), lime (calcium hydroxide), and tobacco from cigarette.
Chuukese 11 Nut, white variety, unripe
Betel leaf
Lime
Tobacco from cigarette (not smoked)		 No One male did not use tobacco.
Two males added ginger.
One female added ginger and cardamom.
Two males added vodka.
Palauan 9 Nut, white variety unripe
Betel leaf
Lime
Tobacco from cigarette (not smoked)		 No Two females added cardamom.
Yapese 10 Nut, unripe
Betel leaf
Lime
Tobacco from cigarette (not smoked)		 No One female sometimes swallowed the betel quid.
Two males added cardamom.
One male added vodka.

Note: One participant refused to submit a recipe.