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. 2015 Feb 10;10(2):e0117604. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117604

Table 1. Definition of 3D cephalometric landmarks.

Landmark Abbreviation Definition
Right orbitale OrR The most inferior point of right infraorbital rim
Left orbitale OrL The most inferior point of left infraorbital rim
Right porion PoR The highest points of the right external acoustic meatus
Left porion PoL The highest points of the left external acoustic meatus
Average orbitale OrA Midpoint between the OrR and OrL.
Average porion PoA Midpoint between the PoR and PoL.
Right lateral semicircular canal LsR The most lateral point of the right lateral semicircular canal in the axial plane
Left lateral semicircular canal LsL The most lateral point of the left lateral semicircular canal in the axial plane
Nasion N The middle point of the frontonasal suture
Anterior nasal spine ANS The most anterior midpoint of the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla
Upper incisor UI Midoint between the crowns of the maxillary central incisors
Lower incisor LI Midpoint contact between the crowns of the mandibular central incisors.
Pogonion Pog The most anterior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis
Menton Me Menton is the most inferior midpoint of the chin on the outline of the mandibular symphysis.
Maxillary canine-left UL3 Cusp of the left maxillary canine
Maxillary canine-right UR3 Cusp of the right maxillary canine
Mandibular canine-left LL3 Cusp tip of the left mandibular canine
Mandibular canine- right LR3 Cusp tip of the right mandibular canine
First maxillary molar-left UL6 Mesio-buccal cusp of the left first maxillary molar
First maxillary molar-right UR6 Mesio-buccal cusp of the right first maxillary molar
First Mandibular molar-left LL6 Mesio-buccal cusp of the left first maxillary molar
First Mandibular molar- right LR6 Mesio-buccal cusp of the right first maxillary molar