Table 2.
Parameter Estimates (Standard Errors) from Multilevel Models of Pre-to-post Intervention Change in Daily Pain- and Stress-reactivity for Mindfulness (M; n=47), CBT-Pain (P; n=52) and Education (E; n=44) Groups
| Daily Outcome | Effects within groupa |
Group differencesb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness Estimate (SE) | CBT-Pain Estimate (SE) | Education Estimate (SE) | ||
| Catastrophizing (1-5) | ||||
| Intercept | 2.025 (0.097) | 2.081 (0.090) | 2.045 (0.113) | |
| Time: Pre-post | −0.085 (0.033)* | −0.103 (0.027)*** | 0.081 (0.033)* | M, P > E |
| Δ Pain | 0.015 (0.002)**** | 0.017 (0.002)**** | 0.010 (0.002)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | −0.006 (0.002)** | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.004 (0.002)* | M > P, E |
| Control (0-10) | ||||
| Intercept | 7.091 (0.307) | 5.844 (0.294) | 5.983 (0.337) | |
| Time: Pre-post | −0.040 (0.086) | 0.291 (0.087)** | 0.269 (0.109)* | P, E > M |
| Δ Pain | −0.031 (0.010)** | −0.043 (0.006)**** | −0.039 (0.008)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | −0.008 (0.007) | 0.015 (0.005)** | −0.002 (0.006) | P > M, E |
| Fatigue (0-100) | ||||
| Intercept | 27.031 (2.609) | 35.343 (2.437) | 30.044 (2.431) | |
| Time: Pre-post | −1.579 (0.843) | −3.049 (0.760)*** | −1.665 (0.869) | |
| Δ Pain | 0.506 (0.047)**** | 0.434 (0.044)**** | 0.470 (0.044)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | −0.152 (0.052)** | 0.079 (0.040)* | 0.013 (0.047) | M > P, E |
| Morning Disability (1-5) | ||||
| Intercept | 2.850 (0.153) | 3.328 (0.174) | 3.072 (0.157) | |
| Time: Pre-post | −0.460 (0.045)**** | −0.313 (0.041)**** | −0.327 (0.049)**** | |
| Δ Pain | 0.023 (0.003)**** | 0.018 (0.002)**** | 0.021 (0.003)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | −0.007 (0.003)** | 0.004 (0.002)* | 0.001 (0.002) | M > P, E |
| Serene affect (1-5) | ||||
| Intercept | 2.924 (0.122) | 2.758 (0.109) | 2.944 (0.108) | |
| Time: Pre-post | 0.184 (0.034)**** | 0.025 (0.029) | −0.003 (0.036) | M > P,E |
| Δ Pain | −0.005 (0.001)**** | −0.012 (0.001)**** | −0.011 (0.001)**** | |
| Δ Stress | −0.258 (0.054)**** | −0.237 (0.043)**** | −0.268 (0.043)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | −0.004 (0.002) | 0.003 (0.002) | 0.003 (0.002) | |
| Time X Δ Stress | 0.111 (0.051)* | 0.028 (0.046) | 0.034 (0.053) | |
| Anxious affect (1-5) | ||||
| Intercept | 1.212 (0.054) | 1.301 (0.063) | 1.223 (0.044) | |
| Time: Pre-post | 0.035 (0.020) | −0.001 (0.023) | −0.007 (0.023) | |
| Δ Pain | 0.000 (0.001) | 0.002 (0.001) | 0.003 (0.001)* | |
| Δ Stress | 0.156 (0.022)**** | 0.134 (0.023)**** | 0.165 (0.025)**** | |
| Time X Δ Pain | 0.003 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002 (0.001) | |
| Time X Δ Stress | −0.072 (0.033)* | 0.040 (0.035) | 0.036 (0.037) | M > P, E |
Note. Δ Pain = person-centered pain; Δ Stress = person-centered stress. Time is coded Pre=0, Post = 1. All models included Δ Pain as a random effect and an AR(1) error structure to model significant daily covariation.
a
Models were estimated for each group separately.
b
Contrasts are from models that included Group, Time, Δ Pain (Δ Stress), and their interactions.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
****
p < .0001.