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. 2014 Oct 20;3(5):e001018. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001018

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© 2014 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Figure 7. — Activation of cellular responses in the ERp44‐deficient models. A, qRT‐PCR detecting expression of ER stress genes in adult hearts of ERp44^−/− and ERp44^+/+ mice (n=3/genotype). B, Immunoblot analysis of ER proteins, Ca²⁺ handling proteins, apoptosis markers, cytochrome c, and nuclear NFAT2 in heart from ERp44^+/+, ^+/−, and ^−/− mice (n=3/genotype). C, MTT viability assay (n=6/genotype). D, MMP assay (n=6/genotype) and (E) mkitochondrial Ca²⁺ levels (Rhod‐2AM) were detected in MNCs (n=6/genotype). F, ROS were assessed after treatment with Tu (5 μg/mL) for 24 hours using the ROS assay kit (n=6/genotype; *P<0.05; **P<0.01). Experiments were repeated 3 times independently. ATF indicates activating transcription factor; CHOP, CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding protein homology protein; DHPR, dihydropyridine receptor; ERo, endoplasmic reticulum membrane oxidoreductase; ERp44, endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 44; GRp, glucose‐regulated protein; HSP, heat shock protein; IP₃R, inositol trisphosphate receptor; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; MNCs, mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes; MTT, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide; NCX, sodium‐calcium exchanger; NFAT2, nuclear factor of activated T‐cell transcription factor 2; PDI, protein disulfide isomerase; PLN, phospholamban; qRT‐PCR, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RyR, ryanodine receptor; SERCA2a, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase; XBP, X‐box protein.