Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Variable | Non‐Hispanic White (n=39 213) | Non‐Hispanic Black (n=4946) | Hispanic (n=2347) | Non‐Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (n=643) | P Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y | Median (IQR) | 81 (75 to 87) | 76 (70 to 83) | 78 (71 to 84) | 80 (74 to 86) | <0.001 |
| Age (grouped), % | ≥80 | 7.1 | 5.5 | 2.1 | 54.9 | <0.001 |
| 75 to 79 | 18.1 | 20.1 | 20.1 | 19.1 | ||
| 70 to 74 | 13.9 | 20.7 | 19.0 | 16.0 | ||
| 65 to 69 | 11.0 | 23.7 | 18.9 | 10.0 | ||
| Female, % | 53.9 | 59.9 | 53.1 | 55.2 | <0.001 | |
| Social economic status | ||||||
| Median household income estimate, US$ | Median (IQR) | 45 798 (40 780 to 53 577) | 45 359 (41 087 to 53 363) | 46 566 (38 740 to 53 547) | 53 494 (49 284 to 66 476) | <0.001 |
| Persons aged ≥25 years with high school diploma, % | Median (IQR) | 86.2 (83.1 to 89.0) | 84.3 (81.4 to 87.1) | 80.3 (75.5 to 84.9) | 85.4 (75.9 to 89.9) | <0.001 |
| Persons aged ≥25 years with ≥4 years of college education, % | Median (IQR) | 25.2 (17.8 to 29.2) | 27.9 (21.3 to 33.2) | 26.7 (16.9 to 30.7) | 29.0 (27.7 to 33.2) | <0.001 |
| Medical history, % | ||||||
| Anemia | 19.6 | 21.8 | 16.4 | 16.2 | <0.001 | |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter | 41.5 | 22.8 | 22.5 | 31.4 | <0.001 | |
| COPD or asthma | 29.5 | 28.8 | 25.5 | 21.2 | <0.001 | |
| Depression | 10.9 | 5.3 | 6.7 | 5.4 | <0.001 | |
| Diabetes | 37.6 | 49.0 | 54.6 | 43.2 | <0.001 | |
| Heart failure | 52.5 | 55.3 | 54.5 | 46.7 | <0.001 | |
| Hypertension | 74.9 | 85.6 | 84.8 | 81.2 | <0.001 | |
| ICD or CRT‐D | 9.2 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 6.8 | 0.155 | |
| Ischemic cause: Med Hx of CAD, MI, prior PCI or CABG | 60.0 | 46.1 | 57.9 | 54.4 | <0.001 | |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 14.6 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 7.9 | <0.001 | |
| Renal insufficiency | 18.7 | 25.8 | 19.4 | 22.6 | <0.001 | |
| Smoking | 8.5 | 13.7 | 8.5 | 5.3 | <0.001 | |
| CVA/TIA | 16.5 | 18.9 | 13.2 | 17.7 | <0.001 | |
| Valvular heart disease | 14.9 | 9.4 | 9.5 | 15.9 | <0.001 | |
| Vital signs at admission | ||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | Median (IQR) | 80.0 (70.0 to 94.0) | 80.0 (71.0 to 95.0) | 80.0 (70.0 to 95.0) | 82.0 (70.0 to 98.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | Median (IQR) | 137.0 (119.0 to 157.0) | 146.0 (126.0 to 170.0) | 143.0 (123.0 to 165.0) | 142.0 (122.0 to 164.0) | <0.001 |
| Lab work at admission | ||||||
| Sodium, mEq/L | Median (IQR) | 138 (136 to 140) | 139 (137 to 141) | 138 (135 to 140) | 138 (134 to 140) | <0.001 |
| BNP, pg/mL | Median (IQR) | 766 (391 to 1485) | 832 (329 to 1850) | 763 (348 to 1642) | 1000 (481 to 2099) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | Median (IQR) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.8) | 1.4 (1.1 to 2.1) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0 to 2.0) | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | Median (IQR) | 26 (19 to 37) | 26 (17 to 35) | 26 (19 to 37) | 27 (19 to 42) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | Median (IQR) | 11.8 (10.6 to 13.1) | 11.8 (10.4 to 12.6) | 11.8 (10.6 to 12.8) | 11.8 (10.5 to 12.9) | <0.001 |
| Ejection fraction | ||||||
| LVEF <40% (combined quantitative and qualitative), % | 36.5 | 41.6 | 41.8 | 31.6 | <0.001 | |
| LVEF value, % | Median (IQR) | 45 (30 to 57) | 43 (25 to 57) | 40 (27 to 55) | 49.5 (34 to 60) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay | ||||||
| Length of stay (transfer out and in excluded), days | Median (IQR) | 4.0 (3 to 7) | 4.0 (3 to 7) | 5.0 (3 to 7) | 4.0 (3 to 7) | <0.001 |
| Medications at discharge, % | ||||||
| ARB | 12.2 | 14.0 | 18.5 | 20.1 | <0.001 | |
| ACE‐I | 42.1 | 47.8 | 46.1 | 32.5 | <0.001 | |
| β‐Blocker | 71.0 | 74.6 | 72.6 | 66.6 | <0.001 | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 13.4 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 9.6 | 0.012 | |
| Anticoagulants | 30.7 | 19.4 | 19.4 | 17.9 | <0.001 | |
| Hospital characteristics | ||||||
| Geographic region, % | West | 10.7 | 3.0 | 14.9 | 51.3 | <0.001 |
| South | 32.1 | 38.4 | 42.6 | 20.1 | ||
| Midwest | 29.9 | 24.8 | 8.4 | 13.4 | ||
| Northeast | 27.4 | 33.9 | 34.1 | 15.2 | ||
| Teaching hospital, % | 58.1 | 73.2 | 52.1 | 51.0 | <0.001 | |
| Number of beds | Median (IQR) | 400.0 (238 to 593) | 438.0 (317 to 610) | 346.00 (280 to 483) | 400.00 (238 to 501) | <0.001 |
| Rural location, % | 8.2 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.4 | <0.001 | |
ACE‐I indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRT‐D, cardiac resynchronization therapy‐defibrillator; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; ICD, implantable cardiac defibrillator; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; Med Hx, Past Medical History; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
*
P value tests the difference across the 4 race groups.