Table 3.
Associations Between Race/Ethnicity and Outcomes
| Outcome | Comparison | Unadjusted | Adjusted for Patient and Hospital Characteristics | Adjusted for Patient, Hospital, and SES Characteristics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| 30‐Day outcomes | |||||||
| Mortality post index admission | Black (vs white) | 0.56 (0.49 to 0.64) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.83) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.65 to 0.83) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 0.73 (0.59 to 0.91) | 0.005 | 0.88 (0.73 to 1.07) | 0.192 | 0.87 (0.71 to 1.06) | 0.165 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.98 (0.76 to 1.27) | 0.897 | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.21) | 0.662 | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.26) | 0.941 | |
| Mortality post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 0.67 (0.56 to 0.81) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.04) | 0.123 | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 0.209 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 0.69 (0.56 to 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.6 to 0.99) | 0.034 | 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) | 0.124 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.95 (0.60 to 1.50) | 0.830 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.48) | 0.888 | 1.03 (0.67 to 1.57) | 0.905 | |
| All‐cause readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.18) | 0.013 | 1.08 (1.00 to 1.17) | 0.057 | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 0.166 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.28) | 0.011 | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.29) | 0.008 | 1.08 (0.98 to 1.19) | 0.142 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.22) | 0.975 | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.35) | 0.591 | 1.03 (0.81 to 1.30) | 0.833 | |
| Cardiovascular readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.13 (1.02 to 1.26) | 0.021 | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) | 0.029 | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.19) | 0.083 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.21 (1.08 to 1.35) | 0.001 | 1.22 (1.08 to 1.37) | 0.001 | 1.11 (0.99 to 1.24) | 0.081 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 1.18 (0.96 to 1.45) | 0.110 | 1.29 (1.00 to 1.68) | 0.053 | 1.23 (0.95 to 1.59) | 0.112 | |
| Mortality/readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.172 | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.15) | 0.059 | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.13) | 0.130 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.08 (0.99 to 1.19) | 0.085 | 1.12 (1.02 to 1.23) | 0.014 | 1.06 (0.97 to 1.16) | 0.178 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.20) | 0.883 | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.30) | 0.658 | 1.02 (0.83 to 1.27) | 0.826 | |
| 1‐Year outcomes | |||||||
| Mortality post index admission | Black (vs white) | 0.72 (0.67 to 0.78) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 0.81 (0.72 to 0.90) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 0.199 | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | 0.113 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.90 (0.80 to 1.02) | 0.109 | 0.91 (0.80 to 1.04) | 0.185 | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.06) | 0.233 | |
| Mortality post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 0.77 (0.71 to 0.84) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.87 to 0.99) | 0.030 | 0.93 (0.87 to 1.00) | 0.040 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.93) | 0.001 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.374 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.05) | 0.353 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.88 (0.76 to 1.02) | 0.098 | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.07) | 0.279 | 0.92 (0.78 to 1.08) | 0.308 | |
| All‐cause readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.14 (1.07 to 1.20) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.06 to 1.20) | 0.001 | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.16) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.10 (1.02 to 1.19) | 0.012 | 1.13 (1.04 to 1.22) | 0.002 | 1.06 (0.99 to 1.14) | 0.094 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.95 (0.86 to 1.04) | 0.267 | 1.03 (0.92 to 1.15) | 0.636 | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.11) | 0.878 | |
| Cardiovascular readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.22 (1.14 to 1.31) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.15 to 1.33) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.13 to 1.28) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.19 (1.11 to 1.29) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.13 to 1.34) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.06 to 1.24) | 0.001 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.12) | 0.885 | 1.11 (0.98 to 1.27) | 0.094 | 1.07 (0.94 to 1.21) | 0.286 | |
| Mortality/readmission post index discharge | Black (vs white) | 1.09 (1.03 to 1.14) | 0.001 | 1.12 (1.06 to 1.18) | 0.001 | 1.10 (1.04 to 1.15) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic (vs white) | 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12) | 0.202 | 1.09 (1.02 to 1.17) | 0.013 | 1.04 (0.98 to 1.11) | 0.192 | |
| Asian (vs white) | 0.92 (0.85 to 1.00) | 0.064 | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.09) | 0.820 | 0.96 (0.87 to 1.06) | 0.446 | |
Adjustment variables in the multivariable models are patient characteristics including age; sex; past medical history of atrial fibrillation/flutter, anemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, hypertension, implantable cardiac defibrillator, ischemic cause, dyslipidemia, pacemaker, peripheral vascular disease, renal insufficiency, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack, valvular heart disease, smoker; systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate; sodium, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and hemoglobin; year of index hospitalization; and hospital characteristics including region (Midwest, West, South vs Northeast), number of beds, teaching status, and rural (vs urban). Socioeconomic status characteristics adjustment included mean household income estimate, percentage persons aged ≥25 years with ≥4 years of college, and percentage of persons aged ≥25 years with a high school diploma or greater.