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. 2014 Sep 23;3(5):e001209. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001209

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© 2014 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Figure 4. — Representative axial images of the esophagus and posterior LA at the level of the left inferior PV. A, Cases without periesophageal vagal nerve injury. The distance between the LA and esophagus is 3.0 mm (left) and 3.7 mm (right), respectively. B, Cases with periesophageal vagal nerve injury (left image: case 2; right image: case 11). The distance between the LA and esophagus is 3.9 mm (left) and 3.1 mm (right), respectively. There was no significant difference in the LA–esophagus distance between the patients with and without periesophageal vagal nerve injury. Ao indicates descending aorta; Eso, esophagus; LA, left atrium; LIPV, left inferior PV.