Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants With Regard to Bacteriologically Confirmed Tuberculosis
| Characteristics | Total (N = 791) | TB (n = 137) | Non-TB (n = 654) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y, median (IQR) | 32 (28–40) | 35 (28–40) | 32 (28–39) | .105 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 324 (41.0) | 71 (51.8) | 253 (38.7) | .005 |
| Female | 467 (59.0) | 66 (48.2) | 401 (61.3) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 617 (79.1) | 104 (78.2) | 513 (79.3) | .815 |
| Rural | 163 (20.9) | 29 (21.8) | 134 (20.7) | |
| Permanent home | ||||
| Yes | 601 (76.8) | 97 (71.3) | 504 (77.9) | .117 |
| No | 182 (23.2) | 39 (28.7) | 143 (22.1) | |
| TB-related factors | ||||
| Self-reported history of TB | ||||
| Yes | 49 (6.3) | 4 (2.9) | 45 (7.0) | .082 |
| No | 730 (93.7) | 132 (97.1) | 598 (93.0) | |
| Household members on TB treatment | ||||
| Yes | 13 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 11 (1.7) | 1.00 |
| No | 776 (98.4) | 135 (98.5) | 641 (98.3) | |
| Prior TB in household member | ||||
| Yes | 33 (4.2) | 3 (2.2) | 30 (4.6) | .246 |
| No | 753 (75.8) | 134 (97.8) | 619 (95.4) | |
| Behavioral factors | ||||
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 35 (4.4) | 10 (7.3) | 25 (3.8) | .105 |
| No | 756 (95.6) | 127 (92.7) | 629 (96.2) | |
| Alcohola | ||||
| Yes | 192 (24.3) | 37 (27.0) | 155 (23.7) | .443 |
| No | 599 (75.7) | 100 (73.0) | 499 (76.3) | |
| Khatb | ||||
| Yes | 60 (7.6) | 16 (11.7) | 44 (6.7) | .052 |
| No | 730 (92.4) | 121 (88.3) | 609 (93.3) | |
| HIV care | ||||
| Enrollment history | ||||
| New | 240 (30.3) | 52 (38.0) | 188 (28.7) | .041 |
| In care | 551 (69.7) | 85 (62.0) | 466 (71.3) | |
| WHO clinical stage | ||||
| 1 or 2 | 383 (48.6) | 40 (29.2) | 343 (52.7) | <.001 |
| 3 or 4 | 405 (51.4) | 97 (70.8) | 308 (47.3) | |
| WHO TB symptom screening | ||||
| Positive | 625 (79.7) | 126 (92.6) | 499 (77.0) | <.001 |
| Negative | 159 (20.3) | 10 (7.4) | 149 (23.0) | |
| On IPT | ||||
| Yes | 19 (2.4) | 1 (0.7) | 18 (2.8) | .224 |
| No | 769 (97.6) | 136 (99.3) | 633 (97.2) | |
| On CPT | ||||
| Yes | 597 (75.9) | 102 (75.0) | 495 (76.0) | .826 |
| No | 190 (24.1) | 34 (25.0) | 156 (24.0) | |
| Hospitalizationc | ||||
| Yes | 11 (1.4) | 3 (2.2) | 8 (1.2) | .416 |
| No | 779 (98.6) | 134 (97.8) | 645 (98.8) | |
| Laboratory characteristics | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 11.6 (10.2–12.7) | 10.4 (9.1–11.9) | 11.9 (10.5–12.9) | <.001 |
| CD4 count, cells/µL, median (IQR) | 212 (119–321) | 172 (91–269) | 221 (126–328) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: CPT, cotrimoxazole preventive therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IPT, isoniazid preventive therapy; IQR, interquartile range; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.
a Defined as consumption of any type and amount of alcohol ≥2 times weekly.
b Defined as the regular chewing of leaves from the endemic plant Catha edulis, which is considered to have mild narcotic properties.
c Self-reported history of hospitalization during the 2 weeks preceding enrollment.