Comparison 10. PRT versus control supplementary analyses.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Strength (grouped by allocation concealment)	73		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
1.1 Allocation concealed	6	607	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.04, 0.28]
1.2 Concealment unknown	67	2452	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.65 [0.56, 0.73]
2 Strength (grouped by assessor blinding)	73		Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2.1 Blinded assessors	19	1523	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.23 [0.13, 0.34]
2.2 Assessors were not blinded	54	1536	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.88 [0.77, 0.99]
3 Strength (grouped by intention‐to‐treat)	73	3059	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.46, 0.61]
3.1 Intention‐to‐treat was used	12	1041	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.18 [0.06, 0.30]
3.2 Intention‐to‐treat was not used	61	2018	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.74 [0.64, 0.83]
4 Strength (grouped by attention control)	73	3059	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.46, 0.61]
4.1 Attention control	24	1408	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.34 [0.23, 0.44]
4.2 No attention control	49	1651	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.72 [0.61, 0.82]
5 Strength (grouped by exercise intensity)	72	3052	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.45, 0.60]
5.1 High intensity	54	2026	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.51, 0.70]
5.2 Low‐to‐moderate intensity	19	1026	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.39 [0.26, 0.51]
6 Strength (grouped by exercise duration)	56	2564	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.45, 0.61]
6.1 Less than 12 weeks	20	828	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.52 [0.37, 0.66]
6.2 Longer than 12 weeks	36	1736	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.53 [0.43, 0.63]
7 Strength (grouped by health status)	65	2428	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.52, 0.69]
7.1 Healthy participants	46	1502	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.77 [0.66, 0.88]
7.2 Older adults with a specific health problem	19	926	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.37 [0.24, 0.51]
8 Strength (grouped by functional limitations)	54	2133	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.60 [0.51, 0.70]
8.1 No functional limitations	41	1349	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.81 [0.69, 0.93]
8.2 With functional limitations	13	784	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.30 [0.16, 0.44]