Table 4. Replication of Cox and Miles' Table 6, columns (1), (5) and (6) and Re-Estimation of Results to Account for Bias and Confounding (standard errors in parentheses).
| Variable | (1) Replication of Cox & Miles Table 6, col. 1 |
(1a) VanderWeele & Staudt Model |
(2) Replication of Cox & Miles Table 6, col. 5 |
(2a) VanderWeele & Staudt Model |
(3) Replication of Cox & Miles Table 6, col. 6 |
(3a) VanderWeele & Staudt Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Judge was Democratic Appointee | .124** (.04) | .104** (.04) | .166** (.04) | .104** (.04) | .154** (.03) | .113* (.04) |
| Judge was African-American | .300** (.09) | .36** (.09) | - | .362** (.09) | - | .377** (.09) |
| Judge was Female | -.020 (.05) | .02 (.06) | - | .02 (.06) | - | .02 (.06) |
| Age | - | .005** (.002) | - | .005** (.002) | - | .006** (.002) |
| Judge Attended Ivy League College | - | .02 (.05) | .018 (.05) | .02 (.05) | - | .01 (.05) |
| Judge Attended Elite Law School | - | -.11* (.04) | -.078* (.04) | -.07* (.05) | - | -.08 (.04) |
| Judge Previously Served as Law Clerk | - | .08 (.05) | .016 (.05) | .08 (.06) | - | .09* (.05) |
| Judge Previously Served in State Leg or Exec Branch | - | - | - | - | .021 (.04) | .01 (.04) |
| Judge Previously Served on State Court | - | - | - | - | -.056 (.04) | -.08* (.04) |
| Judge Previously Served in Federal Leg. or Exec. Branch | - | - | - | - | .002 (.04) | -.05 (.04) |
| N | 652 | 650 | 652 | 650 | 652 | 650 |
Notes: The dependent variable is a pro-plaintiff outcome code =1 and 0, otherwise. All models are probit models but are directly interpretable: the coefficients report the change in probability that the judge will vote for the plaintiff at the mean value of all the other variables in the model.
*
indicates significant at P<.10 and
**
indicates significant at P<.05. The regressions include controls for whether the case occurred in a jurisdiction covered by section 5, whether the case was an appeal, whether the plaintiffs were African-American, whether the challenge was to an at-large lection scheme or a reapportionment plan, whether the governing body challenged was local, circuit fixed effects, and year fixed effects.