Table 2. Plasma Differential Metabolites in PC Patients Compared to Controls in the CT and SH Groups.

		CT set				SH set
compound	class	VIPa	FCb	pc	adjusted pd	VIPa	FCb	pc	adjusted pd
urea	aliphatic acyclic compounds	1.8	0.73	6.31 × 10–8	6.68 × 10–7	2.03	0.75	4.51 × 10–9	5.96 × 10–8
choline	aliphatic acyclic compounds	1.5	0.87	1.20 × 10–5	5.88 × 10–5	1.79	0.82	5.41 × 10–8	5.11 × 10–7
methylguanidine	aliphatic acyclic compounds	1.66	1.35	1.67 × 10–5	6.91 × 10–5	1.35	1.36	1.08 × 10–4	3.97 × 10–4
creatinine	aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds	2.07	0.73	5.36 × 10–9	1.36 × 10–7	1.37	0.8	1.23 × 10–4	4.31 × 10–4
3-amino-2-piperidone	aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds	1.9	0.77	1.35 × 10–7	1.14 × 10–6	1.49	0.75	1.19 × 10–5	6.05 × 10–5
2-aminobutyric acid	amino acids	2.13	0.72	7.98 × 10–9	1.69 × 10–7	1.04	1.21	6.52 × 10–3	1.35 × 10–2
betaine	amino acids	2.36	0.79	6.90 × 10–13	2.19 × 10–11	1.54	0.88	5.66 × 10–6	3.25 × 10–5
valine	amino acids	2	0.79	2.02 × 10–8	3.67 × 10–7	1.08	0.86	1.07 × 10–3	2.73 × 10–3
2,4-diaminobutyric acid	amino acids	2.42	0.8	1.28 × 10–13	5.42 × 10–12	1.74	0.87	3.09 × 10–7	2.27 × 10–6
glutamine	amino acids	1.31	0.84	3.21 × 10–3	6.79 × 10–3	1.57	0.73	1.16 × 10–5	6.05 × 10–5
tryptophan	amino acids	1.62	0.85	1.67 × 10–5	6.91 × 10–5	1.61	0.85	5.24 × 10–6	3.15 × 10–5
proline	amino acids	1	0.87	2.13 × 10–2	3.26 × 10–2	1.94	0.72	5.31 × 10–9	6.39 × 10–8
glutamate	amino acids	1.52	1.66	4.91 × 10–6	2.81 × 10–5	1.9	1.63	1.65 × 10–7	1.46 × 10–6
N-acetylglutamine	amino acids	1.84	2.33	7.16 × 10–7	5.35 × 10–6	1.23	1.29	9.23 × 10–4	2.40 × 10–3
indoleacetic acid	aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds	1.71	0.76	1.16 × 10–6	7.39 × 10–6	1.42	0.8	1.41 × 10–4	4.55 × 10–4
1,3,7-trimethyluric acid	aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds	1.5	0.79	2.94 × 10–5	1.13 × 10–4	1.59	0.55	7.70 × 10–6	4.25 × 10–5
uric acid	aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds	1.34	0.81	2.03 × 10–5	8.07 × 10–5	2.21	0.73	3.57 × 10–10	6.75 × 10–9
indoleacrylic acid	aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds	1.48	0.85	4.65 × 10–5	1.60 × 10–4	1.47	0.86	3.87 × 10–5	1.65 × 10–4
adenine	aromatic heteropolycyclic compounds	1.18	0.85	1.30 × 10–4	3.74 × 10–4	1.15	0.85	5.27 × 10–4	1.42 × 10–3
monoisobutyl phthalic acid	aromatic homomonocyclic compounds	1.62	0.39	5.08 × 10–6	2.81 × 10–5	1.49	0.64	4.08 × 10–5	1.69 × 10–4
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid	aromatic homomonocyclic compounds	1.49	0.61	1.43 × 10–4	3.94 × 10–4	2.41	0.38	5.70 × 10–12	1.89 × 10–10
2-hydroxycinnamic acid	aromatic homomonocyclic compounds	1.23	0.85	4.92 × 10–5	1.64 × 10–4	1.17	0.88	4.42 × 10–4	1.24 × 10–3
1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol	carbohydrates	2.74	0.5	1.75 × 10–16	2.22 × 10–14	1.69	0.64	1.97 × 10–6	1.30 × 10–5
talopyranose	carbohydrates	1.21	1.57	1.71 × 10–3	4.10 × 10–3	2.21	1.89	1.12 × 10–10	2.46 × 10–9
propionylcarnitine	lipids	2.56	0.64	6.56 × 10–14	4.17 × 10–12	2.42	0.68	4.96 × 10–13	2.19 × 10–11
LysoPC(14:0)	lipids	1.58	0.74	7.19 × 10–6	3.81 × 10–5	2.3	0.57	2.00 × 10–11	5.30 × 10–10
galactitol	lipids	1.26	0.85	4.26 × 10–5	1.56 × 10–4	1.19	0.86	2.21 × 10–4	6.64 × 10–4
glycocholic acid	lipids	1.16	3.65	2.14 × 10–3	4.87 × 10–3	1.12	7.35	1.70 × 10–3	4.09 × 10–3
nicotinic acid mononucleotide	nucleosides	1.85	0.76	4.35 × 10–8	5.52 × 10–7	1.88	0.62	2.11 × 10–7	1.64 × 10–6
2-oxoglutaric acid	organic acids	1.58	1.89	1.57 × 10–5	6.91 × 10–5	1.42	2.05	8.94 × 10–5	3.38 × 10–4
2-methyl-3-oxopropanoic acid	organic acids	1.85	1.84	1.35 × 10–7	1.14 × 10–6	1.59	1.77	1.44 × 10–5	6.81 × 10–5

^aVariable importance in the projection (VIP) was obtained from OPLS-DA with a threshold of 1.0.

^bFold change (FC) was obtained by comparing those metabolites in the PC group to the control group; FC with a value >1 indicates a relatively higher concentration present in the PC group, whereas a value <1 indicates a relatively lower concentration compared to the control group.

^cp values from Student’s t-test.

^dAdjusted for multiple comparison based on FDR.³⁴