. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 11.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Urol. 2015 Feb 10;12(2):100–118. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.4

Table 1.

Homotopic root repair surgeries

Study	Procedure	Functional recovery (time)	Evidence	Limitations	Possible application
Carlsson et al. (1968)²³	S1 or S2 v, bilateral Intradural, secured by tubulation Feline model	Yes (4–6 months)	Recovery of micturition reflex and axonal regrowth across repair site	Small study (n = 2 per type of repair); limited utility of tubulation	S root or cauda equina injuries
Meier et al. (1977, 1978)^{53, 54}	L5 or S1 dv, bilateral Intradural Porcine model	Not tested (3 months)	Axonal regrowth across repair site (v > r)	Bladder function not assessed	S root or cauda equina injuries
Conzen et al. (1982)²⁵	S2–S4 v, bilateral S2 and S3 dv, unilateral or bilateral S2, dv, unilateral or bilateral Intradural Porcine model	Yes (4–7 months)	Recovery of micturition reflex after complete decentralization or sacral de- efferentation and bilateral dv repair; axonal regrowth across repair site	Function assessed in 1 animal per type of repair; unilateral repair less effective than bilateral	S root or cauda equina injuries
Ruggieri et al. (2006)³⁶	S1 and S2 v, bilateral extradural; bilateral FES, unilateral BDNF canine model	Yes (5–12 months)	Increased bladder pressure and/or flow of saline out of urethra after FES axonal regrowth from spinal cord across repair site to bladder	NCE failure in several dogs; BDNF induced neuroma formation at repair site	S root or cauda equina injuries

Abbreviations: BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; d, dorsal; dv, dorsal and ventral; FES, functional electrical stimulation; L, lumbar; NCE, nerve cuff electrode; S, sacral; SCI, spinal cord injury; v, ventral.