. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 11.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Urol. 2015 Feb 10;12(2):100–118. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.4

Table 4.

Transfer of spinal roots to spinal nerves

Study	Procedure	Functional recovery (time)	Evidence	Limitations	Possible application
Sundin et al. (1972)³⁸	L7 d roots → S1 nerves S1 d roots → S2 nerves Secured by tubulation Feline model	Yes (8–11 months)	Recovery of micturition and storage reflexes; propagated axon potentials during FES of pudendal and pelvic nerves	Functional recovery after afferent fibre regeneration is less than in study of efferent fibre regeneration²³	S SCI, S root or cauda equina injuries
Vorstman et al. (1986)^{40, 41}	L7 dv roots → S1 nerves Feline model	Yes (7 months)	Observed recovered micturition reflex during FES	Nerve graft might be needed; detrusor muscle should be intact	SCI in L segments, spina bifida

Abbreviations: →, transfer to; d, dorsal; dv, dorsal and ventral; FES, functional electrical stimulation; L, lumbar; S, sacral; SCI, spinal cord injury.