Table 1.
Secondary metabolism gene clusters in A. tndulans
| No | AspGD Designation | Core Gene Name | Gene typea | Metabolites isolated from A. nidulans2 | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AN0016 | pes1 | NRPS | ||
| 2 | AN0150 | mdpG | NR-PKS | emodin (1), emodin analogs (2–10), shamixanthone (11), epishamixanthone (12), variecoxanthone A (13), emericellin (14), afrochrysone carboxylic acid (15), 1-hydroxy-6-methyl-8-hydroxymethylxanthone (16), paeciloxanthone (17), monodictyphenone (18), 3-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1(3H)-isobenzofiiranone (19), arugosin A, H (20,21) | [7, 16, 36, 44, 46, 51] |
| 3 | AN0523 | pkdA | NR-PKS | 2-ethyl-4,6-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde (22) | [1] |
| 4 | AN0607 | sidC | NRPS | ferricrocin | [20] |
| 5 | AN1034 | afoE | NR-PKS | (2Z,4Z)-4,6-dimethylocta-2,4-dienoic aicd (23), asperfiiranone (24), 6-[(3E,5E)-5,7-dimethyl-2-oxonona-3,5-dienyl-2,4-dihydr oxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (25), preasperpyranone (26), asperpyranone (27), Proasperfuranone A, B (28, 29) | [17, 49] |
| 6 | AN1036 | afoG | HR-PKS | (2Z,4Z)-4,6-dimethylocta-2,4-dienoic aicd (23), asperfiiranone (24), 6-[(3E,5E)-5,7-dimethyl-2-oxonona-3,5-dienyl-2,4-dihydr oxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde (25), preasperpyranone (26), asperpyranone (27), Proasperfuranone A, B (28, 29) | [17, 49] |
| 7 | AN1242 | NRPS | nidulanin A (31) | [2] | |
| 8 | AN1680 | NRPS-like | |||
| 9 | AN1784 | pkjA | HR-PKS | ||
| 10 | AN2032 | pkhA | NR-PKS | 2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(3E,5E,7E)-2-oxonona-3,5,7-trienyl]benzaldehyde (30) | [1] |
| 11 | AN2035 | pkhB | HR-PKS | 2,4-dihydroxy-6-[(3E,5E,7E)-2-oxonona-3,5,7-trienyl]benzaldehyde (30) | [1] |
| 12 | AN2064 | NRPS-like | |||
| 13 | AN2545 | easA | NRPS | emericellamides (32–36) | [18] |
| 14 | AN2547 | easB | HR-PKS | emericellamides (32–36) | [18] |
| 15 | AN2621 | acvA | NRPS | penicillin | [31, 51] |
| 16 | AN2924 | NRPS-like | |||
| 17 | AN3230 | pkfA | NR-PKS | orsellinaldehyde (37), 3-(2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzyl)-orsellinaldehyde (38), aspernidine A-E (41–45) | [1, 47, 58], |
| 18 | AN3386 | pkiA | NR-PKS | 7-methyl-3-nonylisoquinoline-6,8-diol (39), 6-hydroxy-7-methyl-3-nonylisoquinoline-5,8-dione (40), 2,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-(2-oxoundecyl)benzaldehyde (46), 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-6-(2-oxoundecyl)-2-pyrone (47) | [1] |
| 19 | AN3396 | micA | NRPS-like | microperfuranone (48) | [59] |
| 20 | AN3495 | inpA | NRPS-like | ||
| 21 | AN3496 | inpB | NRPS | ||
| 22 | AN3612 | HR-PKS | |||
| 23 | AN4827 | NRPS-like | |||
| 24 | AN5318 | NRPS-like | |||
| 25 | AN6000 | aptA | NR-PKS | asperthecin (49), 2,3,6,8,9-pentahydroxy-1-oxo-3-(2-oxopropyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (50) | [1, 29, 52] |
| 26 | AN6236 | sidD | NRPS | ||
| 27 | AN6431 | HR-PKS | |||
| 28 | AN6444 | NRPS-like | |||
| 29 | AN6448 | pkbA | NR-PKS | 2,5-dimethylresorcinol (51), 3-methylorsellinic acid (52), cichorine (53), nidulol (54), | [1, 43] |
| 30 | AN6791 | HR-PKS | |||
| 31 | AN7071 | pkgA | NR-PKS | alternariol (55), citreoisocoumarin (56), analogs of citreoisocoumarin (57–60) | [1] |
| 32 | AN7084 | PKS-like | |||
| 33 | AN7489 | PKS-like | |||
| 34 | AN7825 | stcA (pksST) | NR-PKS | norsolorinic acid (61), norsolorinic acid anthrone (62), sterigmatocystin (63) | [1, 12, 54, 62] |
| 35 | AN7837+AN7838 | HR-PKS | |||
| 36 | AN7884 | NRPS | |||
| 37 | AN7903 | pkeA | NR-PKS | 2,4-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-(2-oxopropyl)benzaldehyde (64) | [1] |
| 38 | AN7909 | orsA | NR-PKS | F9775A, B (65, 66), orsellinic acid (67), diorcinol (68), gerfelin (69), 10-deoxygerfelin (70) | [7, 42, 46, 48] |
| 39 | AN8105 | NRPS-like | |||
| 40 | AN8209 | wA | NR-PKS | 2-acetoacetyl T4HN (71), naphthopyrone YWA1 (72) | [1, 21, 55] |
| 41 | AN8383 | ausA | NR-PKS | isoaustinone (73), analogs of isoaustinone (74, 75), austinol (76), dehydroausitnol (77), protoaustinoid (78) preaustinoid A3–A5 (79–81), austinoneol A (82), neoaustinone (83), austinolide (84) | [1, 30, 36] |
| 42 | AN8412 | apdA | Hybrid | aspyridone A, B (85, 86) | [5] |
| 43 | AN8513 | tdiA | NRPS-like | terrequinone A (87) | [9, 51] |
| 44 | AN8910 | HR-PKS | |||
| 45 | AN9005 | HR-PKS | |||
| 46 | AN9129 | NRPS-like | |||
| 47 | AN9226 | nrpA | NRPS | ||
| 48 | AN9243 | NRPS-like | |||
| 49 | AN9244 | NRPS | |||
| 50 | AN9291 | NRPS-like | |||
| 51 | AN10297 | NRPS-like | |||
| 52 | AN10430 | HR-PKS | |||
| 53 | AN10486 | NRPS-like | |||
| 54 | AN10576 | ivoA | NRPS | ||
| 55 | AN11191 | pkkA | HR-PKS | ||
| 56 | AN12440 | NR-PKS |
a
Abbreviations: polyketide synthase (PKS), non ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), hybrid PKS-NRPS (Hybrid), nonreduced polyketide synthase (NR-PKS), highly reduced polyketide synthase (HR-PKS)
2
Bold numbers correspond to chemical structures shown in Figure 1.