Table 2. The effect of autoimmune therapies on epilepsy risk.

We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate epilepsy risk in patients with autoimmune disease, accounting for common autoimmune therapies, as well as gender and age. Even after adjustment, the presence of autoimmune disease remained a strong predictor of epilepsy occurrence.

Variable	Epilepsy Risk OR (95% CI)	P-value
Any autoimmune disease	4.1 (3.9 – 4.3)	<0.001
Gender (female)	1.2 (1.1 – 1.2)	<0.001
Children (< 18 years of age)	1.0 (0.97 – 1.1)	0.370
Aminosalicylates	0.6 (0.5 – 0.8)	<0.001
Disease modifying antirheumatic drugs	1.0 (0.9 – 1.1)	0.977
Systemic glucocorticoids	1.1 (1.0 – 1.1)	0.001
Anti-TNF agents	0.4 (0.3 – 0.6)	<0.001
Other biologics	0.3 (0.1 – 0.8)	0.012
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs	0.9 (0.8 – 0.9)	<0.001