Fig. 1.

Participants first learned the word pairs in the study phase, after which they practiced retrieving the target word aloud when presented with the cue for each pair. Once participants either completed this cycle twice or reached at least 50% performance in the test-feedback phase, they completed one final criterion test that was identical with the exception that no feedback was presented (as represented by the dotted line in the figure). Participants then completed the Think/No-Think (TNT) phase. For Think items (in green), participants retrieved the associated target. For No-Think items (in red), they were asked to prevent the target from coming to mind without distracting themselves with other thoughts. Following the TNT phase participants completed the test phase, in which they were presented with each hint word and were instructed to recall the corresponding target aloud. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)