Table 1.
Prevalence of sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis (MS).
| Reference | Country | Size | Disorder(s) | Prevalence MS | Controls |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bamer et al. (17) | USA | 1062 | Disturbed sleepa | 52% | – |
| Lunde et al. (26, 35) | Norway | 90 | Poor sleepb | 67% | 44% |
| Merlino et al. (29) | Italy | 120 | Poor sleepb | 48% | – |
| Chen et al. (19) | China | 21 | Poor sleepb | 62% | – |
| Initial insomnia | 43% | ||||
| Middle insomnia | 76% | ||||
| Terminal insomnia | 33% | ||||
| Pokryszko-Dragan et al. (31) | Poland | 100 | Initial insomnia | 28% | – |
| Middle insomnia | 33% | ||||
| Terminal insomnia | 48% | ||||
| Stanton et al. (32) | USA | 60 | Initial insomnia | 42% | – |
| Braley et al. (33) | USA | 30 | Obstructive sleep apnea | 80% | 63% |
| Kaminska et al. (23) | Canada | 62 | Obstructive sleep apnea | 58% | 47% |
| Dias et al. (20) | USA | 103 | Obstructive sleep apnea | 42% | – |
| Braley et al. (18) | USA | 195 | Obstructive sleep apnea | 21% | – |
| Kallweit et al. (22) | Germany | 69 | Sleep disordered breathing | 41% | |
| Manconi et al. (27) | Italy | 861 | Restless legs syndrome | 19% | 4% |
| Manconi et al. (27) | Italy | 82 | Restless legs syndrome | 37% | – |
| Moreira et al. (30) | Italy | 44 | Restless legs syndrome | 27% | – |
| Kaminska et al. (23) | Canada | 62 | Restless legs syndrome | 27% | 6% |
| Kaynak et al. (7, 24) | Turkey | 37 | Restless legs syndrome | 38% | 0 |
| Ferini-Strambi et al. (21) | Italy | 25 | Periodic limb movement | 36% | 8% |
| Kaminska et al. (23) | Canada | 62 | REM sleep behavior | 3% | 0 |
| Kaminska et al. (23) | Canada | 62 | Narcolepsy | 2% | 0 |
aBased on the medical outcome study sleep (moss) scale.
bBased on the Pittsburgh sleep quality index.