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. 2015 Feb 12;6:20. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00020

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Copyright © 2015 Miller, Shah, Aperi, Budde, Pintar, Tarima, Kurpad, Stemper and Glavaski-Joksimovic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Astrocyte activation in blast-exposed OHCs. Representative images of CA1 region from sham-injured (A), low-blast (B), and high-blast OHCs (C) that were fixed at 72 h following blast exposure and stained with anti-GFAP (green), PI (red), and the nuclear counter stain (DAPI). (A) OHCs maintained low level of astrocyte activation and PI staining at 72 h following sham injury. Activated astrocytes, as visualized by increased GFAP expression, hypertrophy, and thicker processes, were observed both in low- (B) and high-blast (C) groups at 72 h following blast exposure. (D) Quantification of GFAP staining demonstrated significant increase in GFAP MPI in OHCs exposed to high-blast compared to sham-injured OHCs (***P < 0.001) and OHCs exposed to the low blast (^#P < 0.05). Scale bars 50 μm.