Table 2.

Multilevel regression testing whether certain dog behavioral traits and owner characteristics are predictive of the strength of owners’ attachments to their dogs.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Final Model
Fixed	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Intercept	0.00	0.10	0.58	0.72	0.63	0.72	0.15	0.58	−0.06	0.56
Gender	x	x	0.02	0.16	0.00	0.16	0.07	0.12	0.10	0.12
Age Class	x	x	0.08	0.97	0.03	0.98	0.19	0.81	0.39	0.78
Study Age	x	x	−0.02	0.02	−0.02	0.02	−0.02	0.01	−0.01	0.01
Age Class* Study Age	x	x	−0.04	0.05	−0.03	0.05	−0.03	0.04	−0.03	0.04
Race	x	x	0.27	0.19	0.30	0.19	0.23	0.13	0.23	0.12
Obedience/Trainability	x	x	x	x	0.35***	0.08	0.20**	0.06	0.17**	0.06
Stranger Aggression	x	x	x	x	0.02	0.09	0.11	0.07	0.12	0.06
Stranger Fear	x	x	x	x	−0.09	0.08	−0.08	0.06	−0.11	0.06
Separation Problems	x	x	x	x	0.09	0.08	0.16*	0.06	0.15*	0.06
Excitability	x	x	x	x	0.12	0.08	−0.03	0.06	0.07	0.08
Attention-Seeking	x	x	x	x	0.13	0.08	0.06	0.06	0.33***	0.10
Pet Attitudes (PAS-M)	x	x	x	x	x	x	0.68***	0.08	0.65***	0.07
Responsibility (DCRI)	x	x	x	x	x	x	0.23***	0.06	0.21***	0.06
Age Class* Attention-Seeking	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	−0.37***	0.11
Race* Excitability	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	−0.22*	0.11
Random
Residual	0.64***	0.09	0.62***	0.08	0.49***	0.07	0.36***	0.05	0.35***	0.05
Intercept	0.36**	0.11	0.37**	0.11	0.25**	0.09	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.04
Model Fit
−2LL		477.79		473.59		373.41		296.72		282.97
Comparison model				1		2		3		4
Δ −2LL				4.20		100.18***		76.69***		13.75**
Δdf				5		6		2		2

^*p<0.05,

^**p<0.01,

^***p<0.001