Table 2.
Sociodemographic group | n | SDE compactness (0 to 1) | MCP compactness (0 to 1) | DPA compactness (0 to 1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | p a | Mean (SD) | p a | Mean (SD) | p a | ||
All | 95 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
Sex | 0.0506 | 0.0919 | 0.6597 | ||||
Female | 63 | 0.75 (0.15) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.33 (0.21) | |||
Male | 32 | 0.81 (0.12) | 0.77 (0.09) | 0.35 (0.21) | |||
Age (years) | 0.9822 | 0.9412 | 0.2115 | ||||
65-69 | 26 | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.21) | |||
70-74 | 29 | 0.77 (0.16) | 0.74 (0.12) | 0.31 (0.18) | |||
75-79 | 26 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.40 (0.23) | |||
80+ | 14 | 0.79 (0.13) | 0.76 (0.09) | 0.38 (0.21) | |||
Race | 0.3052 | 0.3293 | 0.1429 | ||||
Non-white | 18 | 0.74 (0.12) | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.27) | |||
White | 77 | 0.78 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.33 (0.19) | |||
Education | 0.1546 | 0.0172 | 0.4758 | ||||
Secondary school or less | 26 | 0.77 (0.16) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.30 (0.11) | |||
Some or completed trade/technical school or college | 36 | 0.81 (0.12) | 0.79 (0.08) | 0.37 (0.27) | |||
Some university or higher | 33 | 0.74 (0.16) | 0.71 (0.12) | 0.34 (0.19) | |||
Marital status | 0.8909 | 0.4912 | 0.9096 | ||||
Not married | 88 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
Married | 7 | 0.78 (0.15) | 0.78 (0.10) | 0.35 (0.25) | |||
Living with someone else | 0.8379 | 0.5398 | 0.8590 | ||||
No | 80 | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
Yes | 15 | 0.77 (0.16) | 0.76 (0.10) | 0.33 (0.21) | |||
Dog Ownership | 0.9119 | 0.7896 | 0.6049 | ||||
No | 84 | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.20) | |||
Yes | 11 | 0.77 (0.19) | 0.76 (0.12) | 0.37 (0.29) | |||
Walkabilityb | 0.0721 | 0.0325 | 0.0244 | ||||
Car dependent (0–49) | 19 | 0.77 (0.13) | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.24 (0.14) | |||
Somewhat walkable (50–69) | 24 | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.79 (0.08) | 0.31 (0.18) | |||
Very walkable (70–89) | 27 | 0.77 (0.14) | 0.77 (0.09) | 0.36 (0.23) | |||
Walker’s paradise (90–100) | 25 | 0.72 (0.16) | 0.70 (0.13) | 0.42 (0.23) | |||
Length of time in neighborhood | 0.0659 | 0.4341 | 0.5547 | ||||
≤ 2 years | 27 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.10) | 0.29 (0.18) | |||
Between 2 and up to 6 years | 28 | 0.76 (0.12) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.36 (0.24) | |||
Between 6 and up to 9 years | 17 | 0.71 (0.16) | 0.72 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
> 9 years | 23 | 0.83 (0.14) | 0.77 (0.11) | 0.37 (0.21) | |||
Valid driver’s license | 0.2126 | 0.9521 | 0.0175 | ||||
No | 23 | 0.74 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.10) | 0.43 (0.26) | |||
Yes | 72 | 0.78 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.19) | |||
Access to a vehicle | 0.5099 | 0.7018 | 0.0007 | ||||
No | 37 | 0.76 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.43 (0.25) | |||
Yes | 56 | 0.78 (0.14) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.28 (0.16) | |||
Social support/companionship to go outside | 0.5297 | 0.9556 | 0.5838 | ||||
No | 44 | 0.78 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.35 (0.21) | |||
Yes | 51 | 0.76 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.10) | 0.33 (0.21) | |||
Physical support to go outside | 0.3954 | 0.3574 | 0.1288 | ||||
No | 51 | 0.78 (0.14) | 0.76 (0.10) | 0.37 (0.22) | |||
Yes | 44 | 0.76 (0.15) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.31 (0.19) | |||
Like to walk outsidec | 0.0021 | 0.0037 | 0.9144 | ||||
Less than very much | 28 | 0.84 (0.11) | 0.80 (0.08) | 0.34 (0.22) | |||
Very much | 67 | 0.74 (0.15) | 0.73 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
Confidence walking outsidec | 0.8907 | 0.7597 | 0.4028 | ||||
Less than very much | 20 | 0.78 (0.13) | 0.74 (0.09) | 0.38 (0.26) | |||
Very much | 75 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.33 (0.19) | |||
Falls in past 6 months | 0.8087 | 0.7402 | 0.7583 | ||||
No | 75 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.21) | |||
Yes | 20 | 0.77 (0.15) | 0.74 (0.11) | 0.33 (0.20) | |||
Use of a mobility aid for walking | 0.3118 | 0.9095 | 0.1527 | ||||
No | 78 | 0.78 (0.14) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.35 (0.22) | |||
Yes | 17 | 0.74 (0.15) | 0.75 (0.11) | 0.27 (0.12) |
Abbreviations: Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Deviation Ellipse using one standard deviation (SDE), Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP), Daily Path Area using a 200-meter buffer (DPA).
ap-value from one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) across sociodemographic and resource categories.
bMeasured by Street Smart Walk Score for home address.
cLess than very much (1–4 on a 5-point scale); Very much (5 on a 5-point scale).