Table 3.
Safety climate in the hospitals by job-type, unadjusted † (PPR)
| Type of worker | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scales | Physicians | Nurses | Managers | Others | All | χ 2 |
| Senior leadership | 6.11 | 4.07 | 3.27 | 7.91 | 5.57 | 228.09* |
| Resources for safety | 8.91 | 8.80 | 0.96 | 10.17 | 8.91 | 76.81*** |
| Facility characteristics | 6.72 | 6.55 | 2.92 | 8.97 | 7.05 | 31.32*** |
| Workgroup leadership | 7.23 | 5.04 | 1.02 | 6.99 | 6.04 | 43.84*** |
| Workgroup norms | 4.50 | 2.86 | 4.47 | 5.91 | 4.13 | 148.49*** |
| Workgroup recognition | 7.51 | 5.17 | 2.22 | 8.18 | 6.51 | 73.81*** |
| Fear of shame | 45.91 | 40.05 | 36.12 | 37.39 | 41.16 | 94.73*** |
| Learning | 11.07 | 10.97 | 16.64 | 17.91 | 12.77 | 156.62*** |
| Fear of blame | 76.35 | 81.05 | 67.99 | 78.12 | 78.53 | 58.40*** |
| Psychological safety | 7.00 | 6.48 | 11.37 | 10.92 | 7.81 | 130.43*** |
| Problem responsiveness | 4.44 | 2.18 | 2.22 | 6.29 | 3.84 | 196.09*** |
| Outcomes | 40.26 | 38.66 | 42.50 | 26.36 | 36.44 | 173.41*** |
| Overall | 14.58 | 13.17 | 11.75 | 15.20 | 14.04 | 198.40*** |
†Calculated for all personnel and by job types for each scale and for safety climate overall, weighted for job type within each hospital.
*p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.