Table 2.
Participant- and observer-ratings and performance measures excluding participant-ratings specific measures to abuse potential
| Outcome Measure | Placebo | Inhaled Alprazolam
|
Oral Alprazolam
|
Relative Potency* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.5 mg | 1 mg | 2 mg | 1 mg | 2 mg | 4 mg | ||
| Participant-Rated Effects | ||||||||
| Sedation (Peak)** | 7.36 (4.01) | 6.21 (1.49)a | 13.86 (3.26)b | 16.29 (2.49)b | 12.36 (2.91)a,b | 18.21 (2.97)b | 18.93 (3.10)b | 0.96 (0.21–1.90) |
| Observer Rated Effects*** | ||||||||
| Drug Strength (Peak) | 0.71 (0.34) | 1.14 (0.23)a | 1.71 (0.27)a,b | 2.14 (0.25)b,c | 1.07 (0.27)a | 2.00 (0.26)b,c | 2.57 (0.29)c | 1.58 (0.83–2.66) |
| Locomotor Relaxation (Peak) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.21 (0.11)a | 0.50 (0.25)a,b | 1.00 (0.23)b,c | 0.29 (0.13)a | 1.00 (0.26)b,c | 1.50 (0.25)c | -- |
| Non-locomotor Relaxation (Peak) | 0.21 (0.15) | 0.14 (0.10)a | 0.57 (0.25)a,b | 0.86 (0.27)b,c | 0.29 (0.13)a,d | 1.00 (0.23)b,c,e | 1.43 (0.27)e | -- |
| Confusion/Disorientation (Peak) | 0.43 (0.25) | 0.57 (0.17)a | 0.79 (0.26)a,b | 1.36 (0.25)b,c | 0.64 (0.25)a | 1.50 (0.34)c | 2.00 (0.26)c | 1.08 (0.49–1.78) |
| Slurred Speech (Peak) | 0.36 (0.25) | 0.36 (0.17)a | 0.57 (0.23)a,b | 1.50 (0.23)c | 0.43 (0.23)a,d | 1.21 (0.30)c | 1.71 (0.29)c | -- |
| Posture (Peak) | 0.36 (0.17) | 0.21 (0.15)a | 0.79 (0.26)b | 0.93 (0.20)b | 0.21 (0.15)a | 0.93 (0.29)b | 1.29 (0.22)b | 1.54 (0.64–2.99) |
| Sedation/Sleepiness (Peak) | 1.50 (0.42) | 1.93 (0.35)a,b | 2.36 (0.29)a,c | 2.93 (0.07)c | 2.07 (0.37)a,d | 2.64 (0.25)c,d | 2.93 (0.07)c | 1.62 (0.62–3.38) |
| Performance Measures | ||||||||
| Circular Lights Task (Peak) | 69.57 (4.59) | 69.29 (2.76)a | 58.07 (5.72)a,b,c | 51.79 (4.81)b,c | 61.36 (4.44)a,b | 48.57 (5.25)c,d | 36.86 (5.21)d | -- |
| Digit Symbol Substitution (Peak) | 29.64 (4.02) | 28.36 (3.24)a | 18.86 (3.14)b | 16.29 (3.61)b,c | 21.93 (3.12)a,b | 14.79 (3.64)b,d | 8.93 (4.00)c,d | -- |
| Word Recall (1st time point)† | 2.86 (0.61) | 3.50 (0.67)a | 1.29 (0.32)b | 0.77 (0.53)b | 3.50 (0.84)a | 1.23 (0.30)b | 0.86 (0.49)b | na††† |
| Words Recall (2nd time point)†† | 3.86 (0.60) | 3.07 (0.79)a | 1.00 (0.35)b | 1.07 (0.35)b | 1.38 (0.51)b | 0.54 (0.31)b | 0.86 (0.71)b | na††† |
Data are mean scores with SEMs shown in parentheses (N=14); for placebo and drug conditions within a row, bold font indicates significant difference from placebo; for active doses, values not sharing a common letter are significantly different (Fisher’s LSD p<0.05)
Relative potency estimates for oral vs. inhaled alprazolam, with confidence limits in parentheses; absence of an estimate indicates that the validity criteria for that measure were not fulfilled
Sedation is a total score of the sum of items form the Subjective Effects Questionnaire (see Methods)
Data for Observer Rated Stimulation/Arousal was low across all conditions and not statistically significant
Word task encoding at the 1st time point occurred 70 minutes after oral capsules and 10 minutes after inhalation; recall occurred 10 minutes later
Word task encoding at the 2nd time point occurred 2 hours after oral capsules and 1 hour after inhalation; recall occurred 10 minutes later
Relative potency could not be calculated due to missing data